水分胁迫对干旱半干旱区玉米关键生育期生长发育及产量的影响及评价

doi:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639（2022）-06-1059

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着气候变暖对农业生态系统影响加剧，水资源极为短缺的西北干旱半干旱农作物将面临重大挑战。本文通过开展干旱半干旱区玉米抽雄期开始控水至生育期结束（T1处理）和全生育期自然干旱（T2处理）的干旱过程模拟试验，揭示干旱半干旱区同一作物干旱灾害形成的异同，以期为不同气候区作物干旱致灾过程提供理论依据。结果表明：不同干旱胁迫显著影响干旱半干旱区玉米株高、叶面积与叶绿素含量。其中，T1处理对半干旱雨养区玉米株高、单株叶面积生长影响更显著；T2处理下干旱区玉米对干旱胁迫的响应敏感于半干旱区。半干旱区不同干旱处理玉米单株叶面积从七叶至灌浆期总体呈增加趋势，干旱胁迫虽然降低玉米单株叶面积，但植株为保证后期生长发育，增加叶面积来弥补干旱胁迫导致的光合产量不足。因此，为保证干旱半干旱区玉米产量，半干旱区适宜种植光合能力较强的品种，干旱区适宜种植株高、叶面积适宜的品种，且抽雄期是半干旱区玉米生长发育的敏感期。

关键词: 玉米, 干旱胁迫, 主成分分析, 干旱区, 半干旱区, 抽雄期

Abstract:

As the impact of climate warming on agro-ecosystems intensifies, the arid and semi-arid crops in the northwest, where water resources are extremely scarce, will face major challenges. In this paper, the water control starts from the corn tasseling period to the end of the growth period (T1 treatment) and the natural drought at the whole growth period (T2 treatment) in arid and semi-arid regions, the similarities and differences of the formation of drought disasters to the same crop were revealed in arid and semi-arid regions, in order to provide a theoretical basis for grasping the crop drought inducing-disaster process in different climatic regions. The results showed that different drought stresses affected significantly the plant height, leaf area and chlorophyll content of maize in arid and semi-arid regions. During the whole growth period of drought treatment, the response of maize in arid area to drought stress was more sensitive than that in semi-arid area, while T1 treatment had more significant effects on the growth of maize plant height and leaf area per plant in semi-arid rain-fed area. The leaf area per plant of maize under different drought treatments in semi-arid area showed an increasing trend from the horse chestnut stage to grain filling stage as a whole. Although drought stress reduces the leaf area per plant of maize, in order to ensure the later growth and development of plants, the increase of leaf area make up for the lack of photosynthetic yield due to drought stress. Therefore, in order to ensure the yield of maize in arid and semi-arid regions, semi-arid areas are suitable for planting varieties with strong photosynthetic capacity, arid areas are suitable for planting varieties with suitable plant height and leaf area, and the tasseling period is a sensitive period for maize growth and development to drought in semi-arid regions.

Key words: maize, drought stress, principal component analysis, arid area, semi-arid area, tasseling period

中图分类号:

P49
S-03

杨阳, 齐月, 赵鸿, 马绎皓, 朱丹. 水分胁迫对干旱半干旱区玉米关键生育期生长发育及产量的影响及评价[J]. 干旱气象, 2022, 40(6): 1059-1067.

YANG Yang, QI Yue, ZHAO Hong, MA Yihao, ZHU Dan. Effects and evaluations of water stress on growth development and yield of maize during critical growth periods in arid and semi-arid regions[J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 2022, 40(6): 1059-1067.

图/表 9

图1 半干旱区定西和干旱区武威玉米各生育阶段降水量（a）及播种初期不同土层土壤含水量（b）分布（误差棒为对应的标准偏差。下同）

Fig.1 The distribution of precipitation at each growth stage (a) and soil water content at different soil layers at initial stage (b) of maize in semi-arid area Dingxi and arid area Wuwei (Error bars are the corresponding standard deviations. the same as below)

图2 不同干旱胁迫对半干旱区定西和干旱区武威不同生育期玉米株高的影响（小写字母均表示通过α=0.05的显著性检验，但字母不同表示不同处理间差异显著，相同字母则表示差异不显著。下同）

Fig.2 Effects of different drought stresses on maize plant height at different growth stages in semi-arid area Dingxi and arid area Wuwei （All lowercase letters passed the significance test of 0.05 level， and different letters indicate that the difference under different treatments was significant， while same letters indicate that the difference was insignificant. the same as below）

图3 不同干旱胁迫对半干旱区定西和干旱区武威不同生育期玉米单株叶面积的影响

Fig.3 Effects of different drought stresses on the leaf area of maize per plant at different growth stages in semi-arid area Dingxi and arid area Wuwei

图4 不同干旱胁迫对半干旱区定西和干旱区武威不同生育期玉米叶绿素含量的影响

Fig.4 Effects of different drought stresses on chlorophyll content of maize at different growth stages in semi-arid area Dingxi and arid area Wuwei

表1 半干旱区定西玉米叶片光合参数相关矩阵的特征值、贡献率及累计贡献率

Tab.1 Eigenvalue, contribution rate and cumulative contribution rate of correlation matrix of maize leaf photosynthetic parameters in semi-arid area Dingxi

主成分	特征值	贡献率%	累计贡献率%
1	6.29	52.39	52.39
2	2.97	24.89	77.28
3	1.92	16.01	93.29

表2 半干旱区定西12个玉米叶片光合参数的主成分载荷矩阵

Tab.2 Principal component loading matrix of 12 maize leaf photosynthetic parameters in semi-arid area Dingxi

光和参数	第一主成分	第二主成分	第三主成分
X₁	0.0868	0.4140	-0.4113
X₂	0.2219	-0.2588	0.4875
X₃	0.3103	0.2900	0.2058
X₄	0.3496	-0.1343	0.1360
X₅	-0.3666	-0.1447	0.0755
X₆	-0.3105	-0.2899	-0.2055
X₇	-0.2375	0.3921	0.3045
X₈	0.3326	0.2951	-0.0938
X₉	0.3017	-0.2647	0.3322
X₁₀	-0.1560	0.3649	0.3630
X₁₁	0.3635	0.1424	-0.1897
X₁₂	-0.2819	0.3002	0.3236

表3 半干旱区定西玉米不同生育期不同干旱胁迫的主成分因子综合得分

Tab.3 Principal component factor composite scores of maize under different drought stresses at different growth stages in semi-arid area Dingxi

生育期	干旱胁迫	Z₁	Z₂	Z₃	综合得分F	排名
拔节期	T1	1.8254	0.2661	-0.8822	0.8813	5
拔节期	T2	3.1545	1.7420	-0.4661	2.0116	6
抽雄期	T1	0.3733	-1.6576	0.3038	-0.1684	3
抽雄期	T2	-3.1838	-0.5724	-1.9833	-2.2128	1
灌浆期	T1	-2.7466	2.2000	1.5328	-0.6460	2
灌浆期	T2	0.5773	-197806	1.4950	0.0495	4

表4 干旱区武威玉米产量构成因素相关矩阵的特征值、贡献率及累计贡献率

Tab.4 Eigenvalues, contribution rate and cumulative contribution rate of the correlation matrix of maizeyield components in arid area Wuwei

主成分	特征值	贡献率/%	累计贡献率/%
1	5.14	51.41	51.41
2	3.62	36.22	87.63

表5 干旱区武威玉米10个农艺性状的主成分载荷矩阵

Tab.5 Principal component loading matrix of 10 agronomic characters of maize in arid area Wuwei

农艺性状	第一主成分	第二主成分
x₁	-0.0908	-0.3926
x₂	0.3812	-0.2615
x₃	0.4021	-0.1361
x₄	0.4130	-0.0190
x₅	0.3645	0.2086
x₆	0.4369	0.0581
x₇	0.4206	-0.1401
x₈	0.0721	0.4174
x₉	0.0892	0.4988
x₁₀	0.0184	0.5187

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