干旱气象 ›› 2026, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (4): 691-702.DOI: 10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639-2026-04-0691

• 论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

基于毫米波云雷达的新疆地区云底和云顶高度变化特征及预报

窦刚1(), 李娜1(), 海尚飞2, 党鹏举3   

  1. 1 新疆气象台新疆 乌鲁木齐 830002
    2 中国气象局地球系统数值预报中心北京 10081
    3 策勒县气象局新疆 策勒 848300
  • 收稿日期:2025-08-20 修回日期:2025-12-20 出版日期:2026-08-30 发布日期:2026-09-16
  • 通讯作者: 李娜(1986—),女,山东枣庄人,高级工程师,主要从事天气预报和灾害性天气研究。E-mail: lina9861201@163.com
  • 作者简介:窦刚(1996—),男,甘肃白银人,工程师,主要从事天气预报和灾害性天气研究。E-mail: dgbest@live.com
  • 基金资助:
    新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发项目(2022B03027-1);风云卫星应用先行计划项目(FY-APP-ZX-2023.01);新疆气象局科学研究重点项目(ZD202505)

Variation and forecasting of cloud base and top heights in Xinjiang based on millimeter-wave cloud radar

DOU Gang1(), LI Na1(), HAI Shangfei2, DANG Pengju3   

  1. 1 Xinjiang Meteorological ObservatoryUrumqi 830002, China
    2 CMA Earth System Modeling and Prediction CentreBeijing 100081, China
    3 Cele County Meteorological BureauCele 848300, Xinjiang, China
  • Received:2025-08-20 Revised:2025-12-20 Online:2026-08-30 Published:2026-09-16

摘要:

精确预报云底和云顶高度对保障航空飞行安全、指导人工影响天气作业和开展气候研究具有重要意义。基于2023年3月至2025年4月新疆克拉玛依、阿克苏、民丰和哈密4站毫米波云雷达观测资料,分析云频率、云底和云顶高度等要素的时空分布特征,并结合欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)多要素预报数据,利用LightGBM(Light Gradient Boosting Machine)机器学习方法分别建立4站的晴、云分类预测以及云底、云顶高度预报模型,并分析输入特征的贡献度。结果表明,克拉玛依、阿克苏、民丰和哈密4站云频率均低于40%,民丰站最高(38.62%),哈密站最低(25.01%);民丰和哈密站云频率随高度总体呈单峰分布,克拉玛依和阿克苏站呈双峰分布。各站不同季节均以中云为主,季节变化总体较小,冬季低云频率有所升高。模型检验结果表明,晴、云分类预测准确率均超过90%,云底和云顶高度预报误差分别小于1 000和800 m。ECMWF云覆盖率产品对晴、云分类预测模型的贡献最大,各站点云底和云顶高度预报模型的主要贡献特征均为中高层水汽类产品,不同站点其他特征的贡献存在差异。

关键词: 云底高度, 云顶高度, LightGBM, 预报, 毫米波云雷达, 云频率

Abstract:

Accurate prediction of cloud base and top heights is of great significance for ensuring aviation safety, guiding weather modification operations, and supporting climate research. Using millimeter-wave cloud radar observations from four stations in Xinjiang (Karamay, Aksu, Minfeng, and Hami) from March 2023 to April 2025, this study analyzed the spatiotemporal characteristics of cloud frequency, cloud base height, and cloud top height. Combined with multi-element forecast data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), the Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) method was used to establish clear/cloudy sky classification models and cloud base and top heights forecast models for the four stations, and the contributions of input features were analyzed. Results show that cloud frequency at all four stations was below 40%, with the highest frequency at Minfeng Station (38.62%) and the lowest at Hami Station (25.01%). Minfeng and Hami stations exhibited an overall unimodal vertical distribution of cloud frequency, whereas Karamay and Aksu exhibited a bimodal distribution. Middle clouds dominated at all stations in different seasons, with relatively small seasonal variations, while low cloud frequency increased in winter. Model verification showed that the accuracy of the clear/cloudy sky classification models exceeded 90%, while the forecast errors of cloud base and top heights were less than 1 000 and 800 m, respectively. The ECMWF cloud cover product made the largest contribution to the clear/cloudy sky classification models, while mid- and upper-level water vapor products were the main contributing features to the cloud base and cloud top height forecast models at all stations. The contributions of other features varied among stations.

Key words: cloud base height, cloud top height, LightGBM, forecast, millimeter-wave cloud radar, cloud frequency

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