1961—2021年青藏高原前后冬强降雪特征分析

doi:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639(2023)-05-0723

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

研究青藏高原冬季强降雪的气候特征对高原冬季降水预测及雪灾防御有重要意义。基于1961—2021年冬季（11月至次年2月）青藏高原99个地面气象观测站的逐日降雪资料，采用线性倾向估计、相关性分析、集合经验模态分解等方法，揭示青藏高原前、后冬强降雪时空分布特征，对比分析前、后冬强降雪量和强降雪日数差异性，探讨不同海盆海表温度、北极涛动与前、后冬强降雪量和强降雪日数的关系。结果表明：近61 a来，青藏高原前冬初期最易出现较大量级降雪过程，而后冬降雪过程多且持续时间长；前冬高原强降雪量、强降雪日数总体呈“少—多—少—多”变化特征，后冬强降雪量和强降雪日数均呈显著增加趋势；前冬强降雪量和强降雪日数的贡献率明显大于后冬；前、后冬高原中东部主体为强降雪高值区，前冬东北侧强降雪量也较大。热带印度洋、北大西洋、太平洋海表温度异常是影响青藏高原冬季强降雪的重要因子，前冬强降雪量与热带中东太平洋、热带印度洋西部海表温度呈显著正相关，后冬强降雪量与热带印度洋、西北太平洋、北大西洋海表温度的正相关最显著；自20世纪90年代中期开始印度洋偶极子与前冬强降雪量由弱正相关转为显著正相关并维持至今，北极涛动异常对后冬强降雪具有重要影响，二者始终呈稳定正相关性。

关键词: 青藏高原, 强降雪, 北极涛动, 印度洋偶极子

Abstract:

It is of great significance to study the climatic characteristics of heavy snowfall in winter over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for winter precipitation prediction and snow disaster prevention in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Based on the daily precipitation data from 99 meteorological observation stations in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in winter (from November to February of the following year) during 1961-2021, the spatial distribution and temporal variation characteristics of heavy snowfall and heavy snowfall days in early and late winter over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and their relationship with sea surface temperature (SST) in different basins and Arctic oscillation (AO) were analyzed by using linear tendency estimation, correlation analysis and ensemble empirical mode decomposition methods. The results show that there were more snowfall processes with larger magnitude in early winter, while snowfall in late winter were more frequent and lasted longer duration in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during 1961-2021. Both heavy snowfall and heavy snowfall days in early winter showed a "less-more-less-more" variation, while heavy snowfall and heavy snowfall days showed a significant increasing trend in late winter. The contribution rate of heavy snowfall and heavy snowfall days in early winter was significantly greater than that in late winter. The central and eastern parts of the plateau are areas with high value of heavy snowfall in early and late winter, and heavy snowfall in the northeast side was also large in early winter. The sea surface temperature anomalies in the tropical Indian Ocean, the north Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean were important factors affecting heavy snowfall in winter in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. There was a significant positive correlation between heavy snowfall in early winter and SST in tropical middle-east Pacific Ocean and the western tropical Indian Ocean, while the positive correlation between heavy snowfall in late winter and SST in the tropical Indian Ocean, the northwestern Pacific Ocean and the north Atlantic Ocean was the most significant. Since the mid-1990s, the Indian Ocean dipole has changed from a weak positive correlation to a significant positive correlation with heavy snowfall in early winter, and the Arctic oscillation anomaly has an important impact on heavy snowfall in late winter, and both have always shown a stable positive correlation.

Key words: the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, heavy snowfall, the Arctic Oscillation, the Indian Ocean dipole

中图分类号:

P467

郭英香, 冯晓莉, 刘畅, 申红艳, 陈海存, 李漠雨. 1961—2021年青藏高原前后冬强降雪特征分析[J]. 干旱气象, 2023, 41(5): 723-733.

GUO Yingxiang, FENG Xiaoli, LIU Chang, SHEN Hongyan, CHEN Haicun, LI Moyu. Characteristics of heavy snowfall in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in early and late winter during 1961-2021[J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 2023, 41(5): 723-733.

图/表 8

图1 青藏高原气象站点空间分布

Fig.1 Spatial distribution of meteorological stations in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

图2 1991—2020年青藏高原月平均气温箱线图（a）和年最低气温出现日期频次分布（b）

Fig.2 The box plot of monthly mean air temperature （a） and frequency of the date occurring annual minimum air temperature （b） in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during 1991-2020

图3 1961—2021年青藏高原冬季不同量级（a）及不同持续天数（b）降雪过程出现站次旬变化

Fig.3 Ten-day variation of station times of snowfall processes with different magnitudes （a） and different days （b） in winter in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during 1961-2021

图4 1961—2021年青藏高原前（a、b）、后（c、d）冬强降雪量（a、c）、强降雪日数（b、d）距平及其贡献率的年际变化

Fig.4 The inter-annual variation of anomalies of heavy snowfall （a， c）， heavy snowfall days （b， d） and their contribution rates in early （a， b） and late （c， d） winter in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during 1961-2021

图5 1961—2021年青藏高原前、后冬强降雪量（a、c）和强降雪日数（b、d）距平经集合经验模态分解的年际（a、b）及年代际（c、d）变化

Fig.5 The inter-annual （a， b） and interdecadal （c， d） variations of anomalies of heavy snowfall（a， c） and heavy snowfall days （b， d） in early and late winter decomposed by the Ensemble Empirical Mode in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during 1961-2021

图6 1961—2021年青藏高原前（a、b）、后（c、d）冬强降雪量（a、c）和强降雪日数（b、d）及其贡献率空间分布以及前、后冬强降雪量、强降雪日数正负趋势站点百分比（e）

Fig.6 Spatial distribution of heavy snowfall （a， c）， heavy snowfall days （b， d） and their contribution rates in early （a， b） and late （c， d） winter， and percentage of stations with the positive and negative linear trends for heavy snowfall and heavy snowfall days in early and late winter （e） in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during 1961-2021

图7 1961—2021年青藏高原前（a、b）、后（c、d）冬强降雪量（a、c）、强降雪日数（b、d）与同期海表温度的相关系数空间分布（打点区域表示相关系数通过α=0.05的显著性检验）

Fig.7 Spatial distribution of correlation coefficients between heavy snowfall （a， c）， heavy snowfall days （b， d） in early （a， b） and late （c， d） winter in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and sea surface temperature during 1961-2021 （The dotted areas indicate that the correlation coefficient passes significance test at α=0.05）

图8 1961—2021年前、后冬AMO（a、b）、IPO（c、d）、TIOD（e、f）、AO（g、h）指数年际变化（a、c、e、g）及其与青藏高原前、后冬强降雪量和强降雪日数的21 a滑动相关系数（b、d、f、h）

Fig.8 The inter-annual variation （a， c， e， g） of the AMO （a， b）， IPO （c， d）， TIOD （e， f）， AO （g， h） indices and their 21-year sliding correlation coefficients （b， d， f， h） with heavy snowfall and heavy snowfall days in early and late winter in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during 1961-2021

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