干旱气象 ›› 2025, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (6): 910-919.DOI: 10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639-2025-06-0910

• 论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

基于加密站点的陕西短时强降水时空特征分析

刘菊菊1,2(), 陈小婷1,2, 彭力2,3, 黄少妮1,2, 潘留杰1,2   

  1. 1.陕西省气象台西安 710014
    2.中国气象局秦岭和黄土高原生态环境气象重点实验室西安 710016
    3.陕西省铜川市气象局陕西 铜川 727000
  • 收稿日期:2025-06-20 修回日期:2025-07-10 出版日期:2025-12-31 发布日期:2026-01-19
  • 作者简介:刘菊菊(1991—),女,陕西榆林人,工程师,主要从事灾害性天气预报研究。E-mail: wwqxjljj@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    气象能力提升联合研究专项(24NLTSZ003);中国气象局复盘总结专项(FPZJ2025-130);中国气象局秦岭和黄土高原生态环境气象重点实验室项目(2024Y-8);中国气象局秦岭和黄土高原生态环境气象重点实验室项目(2025G-18);中国气象局秦岭和黄土高原生态环境气象重点实验室项目(2025G-8)

Spatial-temporal characteristic analysis of short-term heavy rainfall in Shaanxi based on density station observations

LIU Juju1,2(), CHEN Xiaoting1,2, PENG Li2,3, HUANG Shaoni1,2, PAN Liujie1,2   

  1. 1. Shaanxi Provincial Meteorological ObservatoryXi’an 710014, China
    2. China Meteorological Administration Eco-Environment and Meteorology for the Qinling Mountains and Loess Plateau Key LaboratoryXi'an 710016, China
    3. Tongchuan Meteorological Bureau of Shaanxi ProvinceTongchuan 727000, Shaanxi, China
  • Received:2025-06-20 Revised:2025-07-10 Online:2025-12-31 Published:2026-01-19

摘要:

基于2009—2023年陕西省加密区域自动站和国家站逐小时降水资料,对陕西不同地区短时强降水(小时降水量≥20.0 mm)的时空特征进行对比分析,以期为短时强降水精细化预报预警提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)陕西短时强降水频次与极值自北向南递增,陕南最大,最大小时降水量达108.7 mm。(2)短时强降水标准化频次在关中地区呈显著增加趋势;各地区短时强降水集中于6-8月,7月下旬最多。4—6月及9月陕南短时强降水明显多于关中和陕北。短时强降水极值各地区均呈增加趋势,峰值出现时间由南向北推迟;降水强度在关中和陕南呈增加趋势,各地区最大降水强度均出现在8月上旬。极端短时强降水标准化频次的变化特征与短时强降水基本一致。(3)各地区短时强降水标准化频次的日变化均在19:00达到最大值,陕北呈双峰型分布,主峰出现在14:00—23:00,次峰在03:00—05:00;关中呈单峰型分布,高发时段为16:00—次日01:00;陕南表现出明显的夜雨特征,16:00—次日04:00为高发时段,且后半夜短时强降水主要发生在中西部地区。与短时强降水相比,极端短时强降水高发时段在关中滞后约1 h,陕南提前约1 h。

关键词: 陕西, 短时强降水, 时空特征

Abstract:

Based on hourly precipitation data from high-density regional automatic stations and national stations in Shaanxi Province during 2009-2023, the spatiotemporal characteristics of short-term heavy rainfall (hourly precipitation greater than or equal to 20.0 mm) in different regions of Shaanxi were comparatively analyzed to provide a scientific basis for refined forecasting and early warning of short-term heavy rainfall. The results show that: (1) The frequency and precipitation extremes of short-term heavy rainfall in Shaanxi generally increase from north to south, with the highest values occurring in southern Shaanxi, where the maximum hourly precipitation reaches 108.7 mm. (2) The normalized frequency of short-term heavy rainfall exhibits a significant increasing trend in the Guanzhong region; short-term heavy rainfall in all regions is mainly concentrated from June to August, with a peak in late July. From April to June and in September, short-term heavy rainfall in southern Shaanxi is significantly more frequent than that in Guanzhong and northern Shaanxi. Precipitation extremes in all three regions show increasing trends, and the occurrence time of peak extremes is progressively delayed from south to north. Precipitation intensity increases in Guanzhong and southern Shaanxi, with the maximum intensity in all regions occurring in early August. The variation characteristics of the normalized frequency of extreme short-term heavy rainfall are generally consistent with those of short-term heavy rainfall. (3) The diurnal variation of the normalized frequency of short-term heavy rainfall in all regions reaches its maximum at 19:00. Northern Shaanxi exhibits a bimodal pattern, with a primary peak during 14:00-23:00 and a secondary peak during 03:00-05:00. Guanzhong shows a unimodal pattern, with a high-frequency period from 16:00 to 01:00 of the following day. Southern Shaanxi displays pronounced nocturnal rainfall characteristics, with a high-frequency period from 16:00 to 04:00 of the following day, and short-term heavy rainfall during the late night mainly occurring in the central and western parts of the region. Compared with short-term heavy rainfall, the peak period of extreme short-term heavy rainfall is delayed by approximately 1 hour in Guanzhong and advanced by approximately 1 hour in southern Shaanxi.

Key words: Shaanxi, short-term heavy rainfall, spatial-temporal characteristic

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