干旱气象 ›› 2022, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (5): 764-770.DOI: 10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639(2022)-05-0764

• 2022年长江流域重大干旱研究 • 上一篇    下一篇

2022年西南地区极端高温干旱特征及其主要影响

孙昭萱1,2(), 张强3,4, 孙蕊1,2, 邓彪1,2   

  1. 1.四川省气候中心/西南区域气候中心,四川 成都 610072
    2.高原与盆地暴雨旱涝灾害四川省重点实验室,四川 成都 610072
    3.甘肃省气象局,甘肃 兰州 730020
    4.中国气象局兰州干旱气象研究所,甘肃 兰州 730020
  • 收稿日期:2022-10-07 修回日期:2022-10-14 出版日期:2022-10-31 发布日期:2022-11-10
  • 作者简介:孙昭萱(1983—),女,陕西富平人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事短期气候预测业务和科研工作. E-mail:szhx.117@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然基金重点项目(42230611);高原与盆地暴雨旱涝灾害四川省重点实验室科技发展基金重点专项(省重实验室2018-重点-07)

Characteristics of the extreme high temperature and drought and their main impacts in southwestern China of 2022

SUN Zhaoxuan1,2(), ZHANG Qiang3,4, SUN Rui1,2, DENG Biao1,2   

  1. 1. Sichuan Climate Center/Southwest Regional Climate Center, Chengdu 610072, China
    2. Heavy Rain and Drought-Flood Disasters in Plateau and Basin Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610072, China
    3. Gansu Provincial Meteorological Bureau, Lanzhou 730020, China
    4. Institute of Arid Meteorology, CMA, Lanzhou 730020, China
  • Received:2022-10-07 Revised:2022-10-14 Online:2022-10-31 Published:2022-11-10

摘要:

利用1961—2022年夏季(6—8月)西南地区441个国家地面气象站逐日基本气象要素观测资料,对2022年夏季西南地区的基本气候概况、高温干旱灾害的特征及其产生的主要影响进行分析。结果表明:此次极端高温干旱事件的严重程度实属历史罕见。2022年夏季西南地区平均气温历史同期最高,降水量历史同期最少,高温日数历史同期最多,极端最高气温历史同期最高。西南地区东部并发严重的气象干旱,特旱站数高达105站,主要发生在西藏中部、四川大部、重庆大部、贵州北部以及云南中部局部地区。受此极端持续的复合型高温干旱事件影响,西南地区东部部分农作物减产、甚至绝收;江河来水量出现“汛期返枯”的罕见现象;电网负荷创历史新高,加之水电发电量锐减,造成能源供应保障短缺;四川盆地东部、重庆西部发生多起森林火灾。本文力图从科学角度认识这次极端高温干旱事件,助力气象灾害风险评估业务发展,为提升防灾减灾和应对气候变化的能力提供支撑。

关键词: 2022年, 西南地区, 极端高温, 复合型高温干旱, 汛期返枯, 影响

Abstract:

Based on the daily meteorological observation data at 441 national meteorological stations in southwestern China in summer from 1961 to 2022, the basic climatic situation, characteristics of high temperature and drought disasters and their main impacts in southwestern China in summer 2022 are analyzed. The results show that the severity of this extreme high temperature and drought event is historically rare. Compared with the historical corresponding period, the average temperature and the extreme maximum temperature were the highest, the precipitation was the least, and the high-temperature days was the most in the summer of 2022 in southwestern China. In addition, the persistent high temperature was accompanied by a severe meteorological drought in eastern part of southwestern China. The 105 meteorological stations of the central Xizang, most areas of Sichuan, most areas of Chongqing, the north of Guizhou and local regions of central Yunnan happened extreme droughts. Under the impacts of the compound high temperature and drought, the output of some crops in the east of southwest China reduced, even extremely, the inflow of rivers appeared a rare phenomenon of ‘returning to dry in flood season’, and the power load hit a new record and the hydropower generation decreased sharply, resulting in a shortage of energy supply. Moreover, several forest fires broke out in eastern Sichuan Basin and western Chongqing. This article aims to understand this extreme high temperature and drought event from a scientific perspective, facilitate the development of meteorological disaster risk assessment, provide scientific and technological support for improving disaster prevention and mitigation and dealing with climate change.

Key words: 2022, southwestern China, extreme high temperature, compound high temperature and drought events, returning to dry in flood season, impact

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