干旱气象 ›› 2026, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (2): 241-253.DOI: 10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639-2026-02-0241
收稿日期:2025-08-04
修回日期:2025-12-08
出版日期:2026-05-20
发布日期:2026-05-18
作者简介:汤浩(1972—),男,甘肃张掖人,正高级工程师,主要从事灾害性天气机理及客观预报技术研究。E-mail: tanghao72@163.com。
基金资助:
TANG Hao1,2(
), ZHOU Yaman1, AN Dawei1, WANG Minzhong3
Received:2025-08-04
Revised:2025-12-08
Online:2026-05-20
Published:2026-05-18
摘要:
2022年4月29日至5月3日,乌鲁木齐出现一次极端东南大风过程,其中南郊8级以上阵风持续65 h,为近10 a持续时间最长的一次大风过程。基于站点观测资料和再分析资料,并结合高分辨率数值模拟,对此次大风过程的三维结构及触发机理进行系统分析。结果表明:蒙古高压东移及北疆锋前减压共同作用,形成并维持天山两侧南高北低的气压分布格局。气压差自地面向高空延伸,顶高可达4 000 m,为峡谷内气流持续加速提供稳定动力条件。在较强气压梯度力驱动下,气流自峡谷南端进入天山峡谷,在地形强迫及狭管效应作用下持续加速,发展为典型的地形性低空急流。气流在进入峡谷过程中受地形抬升激发重力波,低空急流沿重力波背风坡发生下沉,强风区逐渐向近地面扩展,从而触发地面下坡风暴。此外,大风期间背风坡上空持续存在较强稳定层结结构,并伴随明显下沉运动,有效抑制垂直混合,增强动量向下输送,对下坡风暴的发展和维持具有重要作用。
中图分类号:
汤浩, 周雅蔓, 安大维, 王敏仲. 天山峡谷北缘一次极端下坡风暴三维结构及触发机理分析[J]. 干旱气象, 2026, 44(2): 241-253.
TANG Hao, ZHOU Yaman, AN Dawei, WANG Minzhong. Analysis of the three-dimension structure and triggering mechanism of a severe downslope windstorm case in north edge of Tianshan canyon[J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 2026, 44(2): 241-253.
图1 地形(填色)和模式三重嵌套区域(a)及D03研究区内气象站点(黑色点)与各区段(b) (红色矩形为研究区,下同;A、B、D为气流路径参考点,C为红雁池站,下同;蓝色折线为气流过山剖面位置)
Fig.1 Topography (the color shaded) and triply nested model domains (a) and meteorological stations (black dots) and subregions within the D03 domain (b) (The red rectangle indicates the study area, the same as below; points A, B, and D denote reference locations along the airflow path, point C represents the Hongyanchi Station, the same as below; and the blue line indicates the cross-sectional location of the airflow over the mountain)
| 物理参数化方案 | 设置 |
|---|---|
| 微物理(mp_phyisics) | WSM3(Hong et al., |
| 积云(cu_physics) | Kain-Fritsch(D02、D03关闭)(Kain, |
| 长波辐射(ra_lw_physics) | RRTM(Mlawer et al., |
| 短波辐射(ra_sw_physics) | Dudhia(Dudhia, |
| 陆面(sf_surface_physics) | Noah land Surface Model(Noilhan and Planton, |
| 近地层(sf_sfclay_physics) | MM5 Similarity(Skamarock et al., |
| 边界层(PBL) | Shin和Hong(开启湍流动能输出)(Shin and Hong, |
表1 WRF模式参数化方案设置
Tab.1 Parameterized scheme setting of WRF model
| 物理参数化方案 | 设置 |
|---|---|
| 微物理(mp_phyisics) | WSM3(Hong et al., |
| 积云(cu_physics) | Kain-Fritsch(D02、D03关闭)(Kain, |
| 长波辐射(ra_lw_physics) | RRTM(Mlawer et al., |
| 短波辐射(ra_sw_physics) | Dudhia(Dudhia, |
| 陆面(sf_surface_physics) | Noah land Surface Model(Noilhan and Planton, |
| 近地层(sf_sfclay_physics) | MM5 Similarity(Skamarock et al., |
| 边界层(PBL) | Shin和Hong(开启湍流动能输出)(Shin and Hong, |
图2 2022年4月29日至5月3日乌鲁木齐大风过程代表站逐时风速风向
Fig.2 Observed hourly wind speed and direction at representative stations during the extreme gale event in Urumqi from 29 April to 3 May 2022
图3 2022年4月29日08:00(a、b)、5月1日14:00(c、d)、5月3日20:00(e、f)500 hPa位势高度(等值线,单位:dagpm)及风场(风矢,单位:m·s-1)(a、c、e)、海平面气压场(等值线,单位:hPa)及850 hPa风场(风矢,单位:m·s-1)(b、d、f) (字母G、D分别为高压、低压中心)
Fig.3 The geopotential height (the contour lines, Unit: dagpm) and wind field (arrow vectors, Unit: m·s-1) at 500 hPa (a, c, e) and sea level pressure field (the contour lines, Unit: hPa) and 850 hPa wind field (arrow vectors, Unit: m·s-1) (b, d, f) at 08:00 on April 29 (a, b), 14:00 on May 1 (c, d), 20:00 on May 3 (e, f) 2022 (The letter G and D represent the high-pressure and low-pressure center, respectively)
图4 1991—2020年4—5月(a、b)及2022年4月26日—5月6日(c、d)乌鲁木齐、吐鲁番平均海平面气压(a、c)及其气压差(吐鲁番减乌鲁木齐,下同;b、d)日变化
Fig.4 The daily variation of mean sea level pressure (a, c) in Urumqi and Turpan and its pressure difference (Turpan minus Urumqi, the same as below; b, d) during April-May of 1991-2020 (a, b) and from 26 April to 6 May 2022 (c, d)
图5 2022年4月29日至5月3日红雁池(a)、乌鲁木齐(b)风速(实线)、风向(风矢)及乌鲁木齐和吐鲁番海平面气压(c)、气压差(d)的实况和模式模拟 (竖线2、4、6、8为红雁池模拟风速波峰时刻,3、5、7为波谷时刻,1、9为大风起始和结束时刻)
Fig.5 Observed and simulated wind speed (solid lines) and wind direction (arrow vectors) at Hongyanchi (a) and Urumqi (b), and sea level pressure in Urumqi and Turpan (c) and pressure difference (d) from 29 April to 3 May 2022 (Vertical lines 2, 4, 6, and 8 denote the peak times of simulated wind speed at Hongyanchi; lines 3, 5, and 7 denote the trough times; lines 1 and 9 denote the onset and termination times of the gale event)
图6 2022年4月29日22:00(a、e、i、m)、4月30日21:00(b、f、j、n)、5月1日11:00(c、g、k、o)、5月3日20:00(d、h、l、p)海拔3 000 m(a、b、c、d)、2 000 m(e、f、g、h)、1 500 m(i、j、k、l)及地面10 m(m、n、o、p)风速(填色)与风向(箭矢)(单位:m·s-1) (灰色阴影为地形,下同)
Fig.6 Wind speed (the color shaded) and wind direction (arrow vectors) at 3 000 m (a, b, c, d), 2 000 m (e, f, g, h), 1 500 m (i, j, k, l), and 10 m above ground (m, n, o, p) at 22:00 on 29 April (a, e, i, m), 21:00 on 30 April (b, f, j, n), 11:00 on 1 May (c, g, k, o), and 20:00 on 3 May (d, h, l, p) 2022 (Unit: m·s-1) (The gray shading indicates terrain, the same as below)
图7 2022年4月29日至5月3日红雁池站模拟风速逐时变化(a)及吐鲁番与乌鲁木齐气压差(b,单位:hPa)、迎风坡(c)、背风坡(d)浮力频率平方(填色,单位:10-4 s-2)时间-高度剖面 (蓝色线为边界层高度,单位:km)
Fig.7 Hourly variation of simulated wind speed at Hongyanchi Station (a), and time-height cross sections of the pressure difference between Turpan and Urumqi (b, Unit: hPa), squared buoyancy frequency on the windward (c) and leeward (d) slopes (the color shaded, Unit: 10-4 s-2) from 29 April to 3 May 2022 (The blue line denotes the boundary layer height, Unit: km)
图8 2022年4月29日22:00(a)、30日11:00(b)、5月1日11:00(c)、2日11:00(d)、3日13:00(e)及20:00(f)沿气流穿越天山峡谷剖面的水平风速(填色,单位:m·s-1)、位温(等值线,单位:K)、水平风速与垂直运动合成(风矢,单位:m·s-1)随高度的变化及吐鲁番和乌鲁木齐气压差廓线 (黑色圆点为地面至5 km高度大于12 m·s-1的最大风速层位置,下同)
Fig.8 The variations of horizontal wind speed (the color shaded, Unit: m·s-1), potential temperature (contour lines, Unit: K), and the combined horizontal wind speed and vertical motion (arrow vectors, Unit: m·s-1) with height along the airflow passing through the Tianshan canyon together with the pressure difference profile between Turpan and Urumqi at 22:00 on 29 April (a), 11:00 on 30 April (b), 11:00 on 1 May (c), 11:00 on 2 May (d), 13:00 on 3 May (e), and 20:00 on 3 May (f) 2022 (Black dots indicate the height of the maximum wind speed layer exceeding 12 m·s-1 from the surface to 5 km, the same as below)
图9 2022年4月29日22:00(a)、30日11:00(b)、5月1日11:00(c)、2日11:00(d)、3日13:00(e)及20:00(f)沿气流穿越天山峡谷剖面的湍流动能(等值线,单位:m2·s2)与垂直运动(填色,单位:m·s-1)随高度的变化
Fig.9 The variations of TKE (the contour lines, Unit: m2·s2) and vertical motion (the color shaded, Unit: m·s-1) with height along the airflow passing through the Tianshan canyon at 22:00 on 29 April (a), 11:00 on 30 April (b), 11:00 on 1 May (c), 11:00 on 2 May (d), 13:00 on 3 May (e), and 20:00 on 3 May (f) 2022
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