中国北方蒸散-降水耦合度时空变化与水热因子的关系

doi:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639(2022)-05-0791

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中国北方气候过渡区作为陆-气耦合“热点”区域，水热条件空间梯度大，当前研究较少关注水分和热力因子对蒸散-降水耦合度时空变化的影响，尤其对水热协同影响考虑不足。基于多源融合蒸散、降水、气温和卫星遥感土壤湿度数据，分析中国北方地区蒸散-降水耦合度时空变化特征分别与水、热单因子及两者协同作用的关系。结果表明，中国北方地区蒸散-降水耦合度由西北区域的强正耦合逐渐过渡为东南角和东北角的负耦合。蒸散-降水耦合度随平均土壤湿度降低逐渐增大，随气温变率增大而增强。考虑水热协同作用时，平均土壤湿度和平均气温协同较土壤湿度和气温变率协同对蒸散-降水耦合度空间分布影响更大，起主导作用。时间变化上，耦合度呈春、夏、秋、冬季依次减弱的年内变化，且具有明显的年际波动特征。土壤湿度变率和平均气温是主导中国北方地区蒸散-降水耦合度年内变化的主要因素，平均土壤湿度和土壤湿度变率对蒸散-降水耦合度年际变化的影响突出。考虑协同作用时，平均土壤湿度和气温的年内循环共同决定了蒸散-降水耦合度年内变化，对蒸散-降水耦合度年际变化的影响仅在耦合度最大的半干旱地区显著。研究结果可加深认识陆-气耦合度对陆面状态时空变化的响应特征，为提高陆气耦合数值模拟提供参考。

关键词: 陆气相互作用, 蒸散, 土壤湿度, 协同作用, 气候过渡区

Abstract:

As a land-atmosphere coupling “hot spot”, the northern China climate transition zone has a sharp spatial gradient of hydrothermal conditions, which plays an essential role in shaping the spatial and temporal pattern of evapotranspiration-precipitation coupling, but which mechanisms still remain unclear. Based on multi-source fusion of evapotranspiration, precipitation, temperature and satellite remote sensing soil moisture data, this study analyzes the spatial and temporal variation in evapotranspiration-precipitation coupling strength in the climate transitional zone of northern China and its relationship with soil moisture and air temperature. Results show that evapotranspiration-precipitation coupling strength gradually transitions from strong positive in the northwest to negative in the southeast and northeast corners. The evapotranspiration-precipitation coupling gradually increases with the decrease of spatial soil moisture and enhances with the increase of evapotranspiration variability. When considering the synergistic effect of water and heat, the synergistic effect of soil moisture and mean temperature is more influential than the synergistic effect of soil moisture and temperature variability on the spatial distribution of evapotranspiration-precipitation coupling strength, and plays a dominant role. Temporally, the coupling strength showed a intra-annual variation in the order of weakening in spring, summer, autumn and winter, and was characterized by obvious inter-annual fluctuations. Soil moisture variability and mean temperature are the main factors dominating the intra-annual variation of evapotranspiration-precipitation coupling in northern regions, and the mean soil moisture and soil moisture variability have significant effects on the inter-annual variation of evapotranspiration-precipitation coupling. When considering the synergistic effect, the intra-annual cycle of mean moisture and temperature jointly determines the intra-annual variation of evapotranspiration-precipitation coupling; and their effects on the inter-annual variation of evapotranspiration-precipitation coupling are significant only in the semi-arid region where the coupling is the largest. The results of the study can improve the understanding of the response of land-atmosphere coupling strength to the spatial and temporal changes of land surface state and provide a reference for improving the numerical simulation of land-atmosphere coupling.

Key words: land-atmosphere interaction, evapotranspiration, soil moisture, synergistic effects, climate transition zone

中图分类号:

P426

李梁, 杨泽粟, 何杭. 中国北方蒸散-降水耦合度时空变化与水热因子的关系[J]. 干旱气象, 2022, 40(5): 791-803.

LI Liang, YANG Zesu, HE Hang. Evapotranspiration-precipitation coupling strength response to hydrothermal factors over northern China[J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 2022, 40(5): 791-803.

图/表 13

图1 中国北方AI空间分布

Fig.1 Spatial distribution of AI in northern China

图2 中国北方年降水量（a、b）和蒸散量（c、d）的气候态（a、c）及标准差（b、 d）空间分布（单位：mm）

Fig.2 Spatial distribution of climate state （a， c） and standard deviation （b， d） of annual precipitation （a， b） and evapotranspiration （c， d） in northern China （Unit： mm）

图3 中国北方总蒸散-降水耦合度空间分布（圆点区通过α=0.05的显著性检验。下同）

Fig.3 Spatial distribution of total evapotranspiration-precipitation coupling strength in northern China （the circle dot areas passing α=0.05 significance test. the same as below）

图4 中国北方冬季（a）、春季（b）、夏季（c）和秋季（d）蒸散-降水耦合度空间分布

Fig.4 Spatial distribution of evapotranspiration-precipitation coupling strength in northern China in winter （a）， spring （b）， summer （c） and autumn （d）

图5 蒸散（a）和降水（b）与 LCL的相关系数空间分布

Fig.5 The spatial distribution of correlation coefficients between evapotranspiration （a）， precipitation （b） and LCL

图6 中国北方地区土壤湿度（a、b）和气温（c、d，单位：℃）气候态（a、 c）及变率（b、d）空间分布

Fig.6 The spatial distribution of climate state （a， c） and standard deviation （b， d） of soil moisture （a，b） and air temperature （c， d）（Unit： ℃） in northern China

图7 蒸散-降水耦合度与平均土壤湿度（a）、平均气温（b）、土壤湿度变率（c）和气温变率（d）的散点图

Fig.7 The scatter plots of evapotranspiration-precipitation coupling strength with average soil moisture （a）， average temperature （b）， soil moisture standard deviation （c） and temperature standard deviation （d）

图8 蒸散-降水耦合度与平均土壤湿度和平均气温（a）及土壤湿度和气温变率（b）的多元线性回归

Fig.8 Multiple linear regression of evapotranspiration-precipitation coupling strength with average soil moisture and average temperature （a）， and soil moisture standard deviation and temperature standard deviation （b）

图9 不同干湿气候背景区蒸散-降水耦合度年内（a）和年际（b）变化

Fig.9 Intra-annual （a） and inter-annual （b） fluctuations of evapotranspiration-precipitation coupling strength in different dry and wet climate background regions

图10 不同干湿气候背景区逐月土壤湿度（a、b）、气温（c、d）的气候态（a、c）及标准差（b、d）变化

Fig.10 Monthly change of climate state （a， c） and standard deviation （b， d） of soil moisture （a， b）， temperature （c， d）in different dry and wet climate background regions

图11 不同干湿气候背景区蒸散-降水耦合度与平均土壤湿度、平均气温、土壤湿度变率和气温变率的Pearson相关系数（a），蒸散-降水耦合度与平均土壤湿度和平均气温、土壤湿度变率和气温变率的复相关系数（b）（*表示相关系数/复相关系数通过α=0.05显著性检验。下同）

Fig.11 Pearson correlation coefficients of evapotranspiration-precipitation coupling strength with average soil moisture， average temperature， soil moisture standard deviation， temperature standard deviation （a）， and complex correlation coefficients of evapotranspiration-precipitation coupling strength with average soil moisture and average temperature， and with soil moisture standard deviation， temperature standard deviation （b）in different dry and wet climate background regions （the asterisk indicates correlation coefficient or multiple correlation coefficient passing α=0.05 significance test. the same as below）

图12 中国北方不同干湿气候背景区平均土壤湿度（a）、土壤湿度标准差（b）、平均气温（c）、气温标准差（d）年际变化

Fig.12 Inter-annual variation of average soil moisture （a） and soil moisture standard deviation （b）， average temperature （c） and temperature standard deviation （d） in different dry and wet climate background regions in the northern China

图13 不同干湿气候背景区蒸散-降水耦合度分别与平均土壤湿度、平均气温、土壤湿度变率和气温变率的Pearson相关系数（a），蒸散-降水耦合度与平均土壤湿度和平均气温、土壤湿度变率和气温变率的复相关系数（b）

Fig.13 Pearson correlation coefficients of evapotranspiration-precipitation coupling strength with average soil moisture， average temperature， soil moisture standard deviation， temperature standard deviation （a）， and complex correlation coefficients of evapotranspiration-precipitation coupling strength with average soil moisture and average temperature， and with soil moisture standard deviation， temperature standard deviation （b） in different dry and wet climate background regions

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