Drought is one of the major agro-meteorological disasters to restrict the improvement of grain production and quality in China. The soil moisture and mineral elements affect alternately to the growth and development of winter wheat as well as the yield and quality. The response of leaves mineral elements accumulation, yield and grain quality of winter wheat to different grades drought stress was explored at the moisture critical period, which has a certain realistic significance to scientific fertilization and drought disaster prevention. At the moisture critical period (jointing to flowerings stage), the winter wheat ‘Qimai 2’ was used as material to set the water control experiments with five gradients (T1 treatment, soil moisture at 20 cm depth was suitable (60%-80%) in the whole period, and T2, T3 and T4 treatments were supplied once with water at 80%, 50% and 25% of 75.0 mm base recharge, respectively, while T5 treatment wasn’t supplied water)， the influences of drought stress on the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium mineral elements, photosynthetic pigments and photosynthetic parameters, yield and grain quality of winter wheat were simulated and analyzed. The results show that the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, photosynthetic pigment content and the maximum net photosynthetic rate (P_nmax), apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) and light saturation point (LSP) of winter wheat leaves were all the highest under T1 treatment during the water control to rewatering. Due to drought stress, the above-mentioned indicators reduced significantly under T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments, and the heavier the drought stress, the greater the reduction was. Compared with T1 treatment, the total nitrogen, total phosphorus content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll a+b, carotenoid content, P_nmax, AQE and LSP of leaves reduced by 1.68%, 0.15%, 0.90 mg·g^-1, 1.05 mg·g^-1, 0.21 mg·g^-1, 64.6%, 65.8% and 31.2% under T5 treatment, respectively. However, the total potassium content and light compensation point (LCP) of leaves increased with the aggravation of drought stress, and those under T5 treatment were 1.20% and 84.0% higher than under T1 treatment, respectively. In addition, the drought stress decreased significantly spike grains number, forming spike rate and thousand grains weight. Compared with T1 treatment, the theoretical yield and grain protein content decreased by 56.6% and 30.1%, respectively, while the grain starch content increased by 11.6% under T5 treatment.

Based on the observation data of national weather station, Doppler radar data, National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) fifth-generation global atmospheric reanalysis (ERA5) from 2010 to 2019, the echo pattern,climatic characteristics as well as the change of physical quantity of heavy precipitation with quasi-linear MCSs were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results are as follows: (1) There were three types of echo patterns, namely trailing stratiform (TS) type, leading stratiform (LS) type, and parallel stratiform (PS) type.TS type had the highest frequency, while LS and PS types were relatively rare. Heavy precipitation with quasi-linear MCSs had obvious characteristics of monthly and diurnal variation, and it occurred frequently in July and first half of the night. (2) The heavy precipitation with quasi-linear MCSs formed under four synoptic-scale circulation patterns, namely low trough, transverse trough, low vortex and westerly circulation types, and the low trough type was most. (3) The relatively dry and cold air coming from the west direction at 700 hPa and the low level southwest airflow acted together, and it intensified the stratification instability of the atmosphere and improved the precipitation efficiency. The larger southerly wind component of water vapor at 850 hPa was more conducive to the formation of rainfall weather with relatively small rain area but large rain intensity. The coordination of the southeasterly wind at 925 hPa significantly enlarged the heavy rainfall area. (4) The heavy precipitation with quasi-linear MCSs generated under strong thermal environment. The convective available potential energy (CAPE) varied from 316.7 to 1545.7 J·kg^-1, vertical energy helicity (VEH) was positive and it was obviously greater than 2×10^-4 J·m·kg^-1·s^-2, which were the favorable energy conditions for the formation of the heavy precipitation with quasi-linear MCSs. In the process of heavy precipitation of PS type MCSs, the upper level horizontal divergence strengthened the pumping effect, and it allowed the large ascent rate to be maintained. The superior dynamic condition was one of the important reasons for the longer duration heavy precipitation.

The experiment was conducted during the growth season of summer maize in 2018 in moisture control field of automatic control rain shelter in agriculture meteorological test station of Linyi. With ‘Zhengdan 958’ (ZD958) as test material, five-gradient water control tests were designed during the critical period of water (jointing to blooming stage). The effects of continuous drought stress on photosynthetic physiology and yield formation of summer maize in the critical period of water were simulated and studied. The results show that the leave chlorophyll a content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and plant height, leaf area, total dry weight above ground parts of summer maize at the flowering stage decreased under continuous drought stress during the water critical period, and the heavier drought stress was, the greater reduction was. The above elements under T5 treatment were 42.6%, 75.5%, 83.2%, 65.1%, 27.5%, 18.2% and 44.9% lower than those under T1 treatment in turn. The water use efficiency of summer maize leaves increased firstly and then decreased with the intensification of drought stress, and it reached the highest under light drought stress. Under continuous drought stress, the nutrient allocation of maize leaves and sheaths increased, while the nutrient supply of stems, fruits and roots decreased, which wasn’t conducive to healthy growth of summer maize, the risk of lodging increased, and the yield formation was difficult. In addition, the continuous drought stress also caused increase of bald tip ratio and double spike rate of summer maize and significant decrease of 100-kernel weight and theoretical yield.

Based on 0 cm and 20 cm monthly average ground temperature and air temperature from 68 meteorological stations in Zhejiang Province from 1951 to 2018, and the annual average temperature for one hundred years at Hangzhou and Wenzhou stations, the 0 cm and 20 cm annual average ground temperature in Zhejiang Province from 1905 to 2018 were established by using the method of global correction of local station observations (GAoSV). The spatialtemporal characteristics of ground temperature at a century scale were analyzed through Morlet wavelet analysis, MK test and other climatic statistical diagnosis methods. The results are as follows: (1) The climate tendency rate of 0 cm and 20 cm ground temperature in Zhejiang was 0.2 ℃·（10 a）-1 (P＜0.05) from 1905 to 2018. The highest, lowest and average value was 20.5,16.5 and 18.6 ℃ at a depth of  0 cm, and 19.9, 16.1 and 18.1 ℃ at a depth of 20 cm, respectively. (2) Under the background of climate warming, the ground temperature in Zhejiang Province experienced a “coldwarm” climate evolution, and the ground temperature was lower before the mid1990s and higher after that. Two obvious rising stages were during 1905-1925 and 1991-2018, respectively. (3) The spatial distribution of 0 cm and 20 cm annual average ground temperature in Zhejiang Province showed the same spatial distribution characteristics with low in the north and high in the south. The high value areas were distributed in Wencheng, Longquan, Lishui and the south of Wenling, while the low value areas were distributed in Anji, Xiaoshan, Deqing, Huzhou, Changxing. (4) Obvious oscillation periods of 2-6 years, 6-8 years and 16-20 years in different periods were detected through analyzing annual average ground temperature of 0 cm and 20 cm in Zhejiang Province from 1905 to 2018, and the abrupt point occurred around 1986.

Based on the micro-climate suitability quantitative evaluation model built by using temperature, air relative humidity and solar radiation data in heliogreenhouse, 10 cm ground temperature was introduced, and the 10 cm ground temperature suitability model was built. The equal weight method was used to build the comprehensive micro-climate suitability quantitative evaluation model. The ten-day average micro-climate comprehensive suitability index and tomato yield data of Hanting from November 2017 to April 2018 were utilized to test the new comprehensive suitability quantitative evaluation model. The evaluation grade index was also defined, and the new model was applied. The results are as follows: (1) The correlation between 10 days average micro-climate comprehensive suitability indexes from the new model and tomato yield of 10 days was better than three elements comprehensive suitability quantitative evaluation model. (2) Suitability grades including unsuitable, suitable and more suitable were classified using best division method. (3) The percentages of appearing days of unsuitable level of air temperature, air relative humidity, solar radiation, 10 cm ground temperature and comprehensive micro-climate suitability were maximum in January.

Based on temperature forecast values of county stations in Ningxia in 2016, the dynamic optimal PP method of township temperature forecast was established using dynamic, training optimal and PP method. The tests show that the quality score of PP method was significantly better than that of Ningxia township business forecast. The mimimum and maximum temperatures increased by 4.74% and 8.20%, respectively. The appearance frequency of optimal sample length selected by the dynamic optimal method was not exactly the same in different counties and in different months.Therefore, it was appropriate that the dynamic optimization techniques were used to select the optimal sample length.In one year, the accumulated frequency of optimal sample length decreased logarithmically with increasing number of samples, among them, 3, 5, 7, 11, 19, 22, etc. were easily selected as the optimal sample length. The optimal sample length reflected indirectly that the relationship between county temperature and township temperature was periodic.

The effects of drought stress at different levels on photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter production and yield of winter wheat at flowering stage were examined in a common garden with rainout shelter during 2016－2017 growing season taking the winter wheat variety ‘Qi Mai 2’ as the test material. The experiment was consisted of five moisture treatments including T1 (an appropriate moisture level) and T2, T3, T4, T5 (one-time replenishment in accordance with the annual precipitation decrease of 20%, 50%, 75% and 100% in the critical period of winter wheat) and one rain-fed contrast test. The results indicate that under drought stress, chlorophyll-a content, photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), plant height, leaf area and total dry weight of aerial parts of winter wheat showed a decreasing trend at flowering stage, and the more serious the drought stress, the greater the decrease. The content of chlorophyll-a, Pn, Gs and Tr, plant height, leaf area and the total dry weight above ground under T5 treatment were reduced by 33.6%, 67.4%, 90.9%, 84.6%, 43.9%, 19.1% and 33.3%, compared with those of T1 test. With intensification of drought stress, the leaf water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat at flowering stage first increased and then decreased, and reached the highest under light drought stress. Drought stress could promote the transfer of plant nutrients to leaves and sheaths, and reduce nutrient supply to stems and ears, which was detrimental to the increase of winter wheat yield. In addition, drought stress at flowering stage also caused decrease of filling rate and increase of sterile ear rate of winter wheat, which made the theoretical yield of winter wheat reduce.

A contrast analysis of two heavy rainstorm occurred in Liaocheng of Shandong Province in different seasons was made from synoptic situation，physical quantity field and radar echoes characteristic．The results show that the summer rainstorm usually accompanied by strong convective weather，mid－cyclone and adverse wind areas．When the heavy rainstorm occurred in autumn，the intensity of radar echoes was not very strong but lasted longer，and some physical quantity indexes related to heavy rainstorm were lower in autumn than those of in  auummer．The forecast of heavy rainstorm in autumn is difficult．