Comparative analysis of characteristics and causes of summer extreme high temperatures in Zhejiang in 2022 and 2013

doi:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639-2025-01-0076

Abstract

Abstract:

The study on the causes of extreme hot weather in Zhejiang Province can provide scientific basis for the prediction and prevention of extreme hot weather. Based on conventional meteorological observations, the ERA5 reanalysis data from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, the outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and daily climate system monitoring indices from the National Climate Center, this study compares and analyzes the spatial and temporal distribution and characteristics of two extreme high temperature events in Zhejiang Province in the summers of 2013 and 2022, and constructs a conceptual model of extreme hot weather. The results indicate that both hot events were characterized by wide coverage, long duration, strong extremity, and severe impacts. The high temperature event in 2022 had a longer duration and wider coverage area, while the single station extreme high temperature value in 2013 was higher. The western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) in 2022 had a larger extent with a more westward ridge point, whereas in 2013, the duration of the 850 hPa warm ridge temperature exceeding 24 ℃ was longer. The center of extreme high temperature in 2022 was located farther south, with temperatures above 42 ℃ mainly occurring in central and southern Zhejiang, whereas in 2013, extreme high temperatures were concentrated in central and northern Zhejiang. The intensification and westward shift of the WPSH were the direct causes of both extreme high temperature events, corresponding well to a stronger and eastward-displaced South Asian high. When the 1 252 dagpm contour at 200 hPa extends eastward beyond 122°E, the 588 dagpm contour at 500 hPa extends westward beyond 115°E, the 850 hPa warm ridge temperature exceeds 22 ℃, and weak southerly winds prevail in the lower troposphere, it is more likely to experience extreme high temperature exceeding 40 ℃ in Zhejiang. Additionally, negative OLR anomalies over the Maritime Continent (MC) enhance the WPSH by modulating meridional vertical circulation and low-frequency wave propagation. Meanwhile, anomalous zonal vertical circulation between the Pacific at the same latitude as Zhejiang and eastern China further strengthens the WPSH. These findings provide scientific insights for predicting and mitigating extreme heat events in Zhejiang Province.

Key words: extreme high temperatures, subtropical high pressure, South Asian high, tropical circulation, Zhejiang Province

摘要： 研究浙江省极端高温天气成因可为极端高温天气的预测和防范提供科学依据。基于常规气象观测资料、欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA5再分析资料、美国国家海洋和大气管理局的向外长波辐射（Outgoing Longwave Radiation，OLR）资料及国家气候中心气候系统监测指数集逐日资料，对比分析2013、2022年夏季浙江2次极端高温事件的时空分布与极端高温特点，并建立极端高温天气学概念模型。结果表明：2次高温过程均具有覆盖范围广、持续时间长、极端性强、影响严重等特点，其中2022年高温事件的持续时间更长、覆盖面积更广，而2013年单站极端高温值更高；2022年西太平洋副热带高压（简称“西太副高”）范围更大、西伸脊点更偏西，而2013年850 hPa暖脊温度超过24 ℃的持续时间更长；2022年高温中心偏南，42 ℃以上高温主要出现在浙中南地区，而2013年极端高温主要集中在浙中北地区。西太副高偏强、偏西是造成2次极端高温的直接原因，其与南亚高压偏强、偏东形成良好对应。当200 hPa的1 252 dagpm线东伸到122°E以东，500 hPa的588 dagpm线西伸到115°E以西，850 hPa暖脊温度超过22 ℃及低层盛行弱偏南风，浙江夏季易出现40 ℃以上酷热高温天气；当浙江出现高温天气时，海洋性大陆（Maritime Continent，MC）地区一般为OLR负异常，其通过改变经向垂直环流及低频波列的传播使西太副高增强，同时与浙江同纬度的太平洋地区与中国东部地区之间的异常纬向垂直环流也有助于西太副高的加强。

关键词: 极端高温, 副热带高压, 南亚高压, 热带环流, 浙江

CLC Number:

P466

FU Yuan, LIU Hanhua, ZHOU Lingli, ZHAO Junping, MA Hao, LU Tingting, WEI Lei, XUAN Zhuolin. Comparative analysis of characteristics and causes of summer extreme high temperatures in Zhejiang in 2022 and 2013[J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 2025, 43(1): 76-87.

付远, 刘汉华, 周玲丽, 赵军平, 马昊, 陆婷婷, 魏蕾, 宣卓林. 2022年与2013年浙江夏季极端高温特点和成因对比[J]. 干旱气象, 2025, 43(1): 76-87.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig.1 Daily variation of station number of high temperature with different levels in summers of 2022 （a） and 2013 （b） in Zhejiang Province

Fig.2 The spatial distribution of extreme values of high temperature （Unit： ℃）（a，e），and high temperature days （Unit： d） with daily maximum temperature equal to or more than 35 °C （b，f），37 °C （c，g），40 °C （d，h） in summers of 2022 （a，b，c，d） and 2013 （e，f，g，h） in Zhejiang Province （Interpolation is done using the inverse distance weighting method）

Fig.3 The 500 hPa geopotential height ( contours) and its anomalies ( the color shaded) from July to August in 2022 (a) and 2013 (b), and the longitude-time cross-sections of 500 hPa geopotential height averaged over 28° N-31°N in summers of 2022 (c) and 2013 (d) (Unit: dagpm) (The thick black solid line and thick dashed lines are the 588 dagpm lines in July-August and the climatological average，respectively. The area enclosed by the black dashed lines represents the location of Zhejiang Province (118° E-121°E), the same as below)

Fig.4 The evolution of the area index （a） and intensity index （b） of the western Pacific subtropical high in summers of 2022 and 2013

Fig.5 The 200 hPa geopotential height （contours） and its anomalies （the color shaded） from July to August in 2022 （a） and 2013 （b），and the longitude-time cross-sections of 200 hPa geopotential height averaged over 28°N-31°N in summers of 2022 （c） and 2013 （d）（Unit： dagpm）（The thick black solid line and thick dashed lines are the 1 252 dagpm lines in July-August and the climatological average，respectively）

Fig.6 The longitude-time profiles of the 850 hPa temperature averaged over 28°N-31°N in summers of 2022 （a） and 2013 （b）（Unit： ℃）

Fig.7 The time-height profiles of horizontal wind field （wind vectors，the color shaded for wind speed，Unit： m·s-1） and vertical velocity （red solid lines，Unit： Pa·s-1） averaged over the region （118°E-121°E，28°N-31°N） in summers of 2022 （a） and 2013 （b）

Fig.8 Spatial distribution of OLR anomalies in July and August of 2022 （a） and 2013 （b）（Unit： W·m-2）

Fig.9 The zonal circulation （arrow vectors，Unit：m·s-1） and vertical velocity （the color shaded，Unit： Pa·s-1） anomalies within the scope of 28°N-31°N （a，b），and the meridional circulation （arrow vectors，Unit：m·s-1） and vertical velocity （the color shaded，Unit： Pa·s-1） anomalies within the scope of 118°E-121°E （c，d） in July and August in 2022 （a，c） and 2013 （b，d）

Fig.10 The forecast conceptual model for summer high temperature equal to or more than 35 ℃ （a） and 40 ℃ （b） in Zhejiang

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