Distribution and variation characteristics of high temperature weather in Shandong

doi:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639-2025-01-0064

Abstract

Abstract:

High temperature weather occurs frequently in Shandong Province. Studying the variation law of different high temperature indexes and their circulation background is conducive to better defense against the adverse effects of high temperature weather. Based on the daily meteorological observation data of daily maximum temperature, daily minimum temperature and relative humidity of 122 national meteorological stations in Shandong Province from 1981 to 2022, the variation characteristics of high temperature weather in Shandong Province were studied by analyzing the annual maximum temperature, high temperature days, warm night days, and high temperature heat wave days, and the circulation situations of typical high temperature heat wave processes were analyzed. The results show that high temperature weather mainly occurs in the central and western regions of Shandong, and less in the peninsula area. The annual maximum temperature is higher in the west and lower in the east, and high temperature days, warm night days and high temperature heat wave days are characterize by the distribution of more in the west and less in the east. The annual maximum temperature, high temperature days, warm night days and high temperature heat wave days with different grades in Shandong Province show an increasing trend, and the increase range is larger in the west and smaller in the east. The increase range of annual high temperature heat wave days with different grades is mild, moderate and severe in descending order. The wet type high temperature heat wave weather is dominant and shows a significant increasing trend. When there is an obvious circulation situation of “two ridges and two troughs” or “two ridges and one trough” in the middle and high latitudes, it is prone to high temperature and heat wave weathers in Shandong Province, and the subtropical high pressure over the northwest Pacific Ocean is abnormally strong and northerly, and the downdraft under continuous fine weathers causes the temperature to rise and high temperature persist.

Key words: wet type high temperature heat wave, typical process, circulation situation, Shandong Province

摘要： 山东高温天气频发，研究不同高温指数变化规律及高温天气环流背景有利于更好地防御高温天气带来的不利影响。利用1981—2022年山东省122个国家基本气象站日最高气温、日最低气温和相对湿度逐日观测资料，通过分析年最高气温、高温日数、暖夜日数和高温热浪日数研究山东高温天气变化特征，并对典型高温热浪过程的环流形势进行分析。结果表明：山东高温天气主要发生在中西部地区，半岛地区较少；年最高气温西高东低，高温日数、暖夜日数和高温热浪日数呈西多东少的分布特征，空间变化幅度略有差异。山东年最高气温、高温日数、暖夜日数、不同等级高温热浪日数呈增加趋势；不同等级高温热浪日数增加幅度从大到小依次是轻度、中度、重度；湿型高温热浪为主要类型且呈显著增加趋势。当中高纬度地区存在明显的“两脊两槽”或者“两脊一槽”环流形势，山东易发高温热浪天气，西北太平洋洋面上副热带高压异常偏强偏北，连续晴好天气的下沉气流导致气温升高和持续。

关键词: 湿型高温热浪, 典型过程, 环流形势, 山东

CLC Number:

HUAN Haijun, XU Weiping, LIU Yan, GE Ruiting, CONG Jingcheng, DONG Xuguang. Distribution and variation characteristics of high temperature weather in Shandong[J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 2025, 43(1): 64-75.

环海军, 徐玮平, 刘岩, 葛瑞婷, 丛菁成, 董旭光. 山东高温天气分布及变化特征[J]. 干旱气象, 2025, 43(1): 64-75.

Figures/Tables 13

Fig.1 The distribution of meteorological stations

Tab.1 High temperature heat wave grade division and explanation terms

等级	指标	说明
轻度热浪（Ⅲ级）	2.8≤I_H<6.5	轻度（闷）热天气过程，对公众健康和社会生产造成一定影响
中度热浪（Ⅱ级）	6.5≤I_H<10.5	中度（闷）热天气过程，对公众健康和社会生产造成较为严重影响
重度热浪（Ⅰ级）	I_H≥10.5	极度（闷）热天气过程，对公众健康和社会生产造成严重不利影响

Fig.2 Spatial distribution of annual mean daily maximum temperature (a) and annual maximum daily temperature (b) during 1981-2022 in Shandong Province （Unit： ℃）

Fig.3 Spatial distribution of annual mean high temperature days (a) and annual extreme high temperature days (b) during 1981-2022 in Shandong Province （Unit： d）

Fig.4 Spatial distribution of annual average days of warm nights (a) and annual extreme days of warm nights (b) during 1981-2022 in Shandong Province （Unit： d）

Fig.5 Spatial distribution of annual average mild (a, b), moderate (c, d) and severe (e, f) heat wave days (a, c, e) and extreme values (b, d, f) during 1981-2022 in Shandong Province （Unit： d）

Fig.6 Variation trend of annual mean maximum temperature (a) and spatial distribution of annual maximum temperature climate tendency rate （Unit： ℃·（10 a）-1） (b) during 1981-2022 in Shandong Province （the “*”，“**” passing the significance test at 0.05 and 0.01，respectively，the same as below）

Fig.7 The variation trend of average annual high temperature days (a) and spatial distribution of climate tendency rate of annual high temperature days （Unit： d·（10 a）-1） (b) during 1981-2022 in Shandong Province

Fig.8 The variation trend of average annual warm night days (a) and spatial distribution of climate tendency rate of annual warm night days （Unit： d·（10 a）-1） (b) during 1981-2022 in Shandong Province

Fig.9 The variation of high temperature heat wave days (a, c, e) and spatial distribution of climate tendency rate (b, d, f) （Unit： d·（10 a）-1） of high temperature heat wave days with mild (a, b), moderate (c, d) and severe (e, f) grades during 1981-2022 in Shandong Province

Fig.10 The variation of high temperature heat wave days of dry type (a, c, e) and wet type (b, d, f) with mild (a, b), moderate (c, d) and severe (e, f) grades during 1981-2022 in Shandong Province

Fig.11 The 200 hPa (a), 500 hPa (b) mean geopotential height (contours) and anomaly fields (the color shaded) (Unit: dagpm), and 850 hPa wind anomaly field (arrow vectors, Unit: m·s-1) (c) on July 13-26, 2018, and daily variation of position of subtropical high ridge line on July 2018 (d)

Fig.12 The 200 hPa (a), 500 hPa (b) mean geopotential height (contours) and its anomaly fields (the color shaded) (Unit: dagpm), and 850 hPa wind anomaly field (arrow vectors, Unit: m·s-1) (c) on July 8-15, 2002, and daily variation of position of subtropical high ridge line on July 2002 (d)

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