[1]Koshak WJ .Stewart M F.Christian HJ.et al. Laboratory cali-
bration of the optical transient detector and the lightning imaging
sensor
[J].JAimos Ocean Tech .2000 .17 (7):905一915.
[2]Christian H J .Blakeslee R J .Boccippio D J .et al. )obal fre-
quency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the
Optical Transient Detector
[J].J Geop hys Res.2003.108(D1):4005.
[3]Boccippio D J.Koshak W J
ment of the optical transient
Rlakeslee R .I_PerFormance as ess-
detector and lightning Imaging sen-
sor.Part I:Predicted diurnal variability
[J].J At mo s Ocean
Tech .2002 .19 (9):1318一1332.
[4]Williams E .Rosenfeld D .Madden N ,et al. Contrasting convec-
tive regimes over the Amawn:Implications for cloud electrifica-
tion
[J].J Geophys Res,2002 .107 (D20):8082.
[5]Petersen W A .Nesbitt S W .Blakeslee R J .TRMM observations
of intraseasonal variability in connective regimes over the Amawn
[J ].J Climate .2002 ,15 (11):1278一1294.
[6]Toracinta E R.}pser EJ .Lightning and SSM/ I一ice一scattering
mesoscale connective systems in the global tropics
[J].J Appl Me-
teor .2001 .40 (6):983一1002.
[7]Fullekrug M,Price C. Estimation of sprite occurrences in Central
Africa
[J].Meteorol Z,2002 ,11 (2):99一104.
[8]Williams E,Stanfill S. The physical origin of the land一ocean con-
trast in lightning activity
[J].CR Phys,2002,3(10):1277-
1292.
[9]Price C,Rind D. Possible implications of global climate一change
on global lightning distributions and frequencies
[J].J Geophys
Res,1994,99 (DS):10823一10831.
[10] Williams E R. The Schumann resonance:A Qobal thermomert-
er
[J].Science,1992,256(5060):1184一1187.
[11] Reeve N ,Toumi R. Lightning activity as an indicator of climate
change
[J].Q J R Meteorol Soc,1999,125(555):893一903.
[12] Christian H J ,Blakeslee R J ,Boccippio D J ,et al.Qobal frequen-
cy and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the
Optical Transient Detector
[J ].J Geophys Res,2003,108(D1):
4005.
[13] Markson R,Price C. Ionospheric potential as a proxy index for
global temperature
[J].Atmos Res,1999,51 (3一4):309-
314.
[14] Price C. Qobal surface temperatures and the atmospheric electri-
cal circuit
[J].Geophys Res Lett,1993,20(13):1363-
1366.
[15] Price C. Evidence for a link between global lightning activity and
upper tropo}here water vapor
[J].Nature,2000,406 (6793):
290一293.
[16] Baker M B ,Christian H J ,Latham J.A computational study of
the relationships linking lightning frequency and other thunder-
cloud parameters
[J].Q J R Meteorol Soc,1995,121:1525-
1548.
[17] Baker MB,Blyth AM,Christian Hl,et al. Relationships be-
tween lightning activity and various thundercloud parameters:
satellite and modeling studies
[J].Atmos Res ,1999,51 (3一4):
221一236.
[18]Toumi R,Haigh J D,Law K S. A tropospheric owne一light-
ning climate feedback
[J].Geophy Res Lett,1996,23 (9):
1037一1040.
[19]Bond DW,Steiger S,Zhang RY, et al. The importance of NOx
production by lightning in the tropics
[J].Atmos Environ,2002,
36 (9):1509一1519.
[20]周筠珺,郄秀书.闪电产生NOx的机制及中国内闪电产生
NOx的量的估算
[J].高原气象,2002 ,21 (1) :349一353.
[21]杜建.闪电产生氮氧化物((LNOx)区与特征计算:LNOx结算
结果分析
[J].高原气象,2002 ,21 (5) :433一440.
[22]周筠珺,郄秀书,言穆弘。一次雷暴过程闪电产生NOx的观
测
[J].高原气象,2003 ,22 (3) :275一280.
[23]Steiger SM,Orville RE,Huffines G. Cloud一to一ground light-
ning characteristics over Houston,Texas:1989一2000
[J].J
Geophys Res,2002 ,107(D11) :4117.
[24]Orville RE,Huffines G, Nielsen一(iammon J,et al. Enhance-
ment of cloud一to一ground lightning,2001,28 (13):over Houston,Texas
[J ]Geophys Res Lett
2597一2600
[25]郄秀书,王素举.Ralf Toumi,卫星观测到的个球闪电活动及
其地域差异
[J].地球物理学报,2003.
[26]郄秀书,周筠珺,Ralf Toumi.青藏高原中部的闪电活动特征
及其对对流最大小稳定能量的响应
[
[J ].科学通报,2003 ,48
(1) :87一90.
[27]Qie Xiushu ,Raff Toumi. Lightning Activities on Tibetan Plateau
as Observed by the Lightning Imaging Sensor
[J].J Geophys
Res,2003.
|