干旱气象 ›› 2025, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (6): 939-952.DOI: 10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639-2025-06-0939

• 论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

一次伴有极端降水的东北冷涡过程分析

任丽1,2(), 卜文惠1, 于震宇1, 白俊杰3, 李瑶4   

  1. 1.黑龙江省气象台黑龙江 哈尔滨 150030
    2.中国气象局沈阳大气环境研究所辽宁 沈阳 110166
    3.黑龙江省伊春市气象局黑龙江 伊春 153000
    4.黑龙江省大兴安岭地区气象局黑龙江 大兴安岭地区 165000
  • 收稿日期:2025-06-10 修回日期:2025-09-28 出版日期:2025-12-31 发布日期:2026-01-19
  • 作者简介:任丽(1982—),女,河北南皮人,正高级工程师,主要从事灾害性天气研究及常规天气预报工作。E-mail:strli@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    中国气象局沈阳大气环境研究所联合开放基金项目(2024SYIAEKFZD04);黑龙江省自然科学基金联合引导项目(LH2024D023);中国气象局复盘总结专项(FPZJ2025-035)

Analysis of a northeast cold vortex process accompanied by extreme precipitation

REN Li1,2(), BU Wenhui1, YU Zhenyu1, BAI Junjie3, LI Yao4   

  1. 1. Meteorological Observatory of Heilongjiang ProvinceHarbin 150030, China
    2. Institute of Atmospheric Environment of China Meteorological AdministrationShenyang 110166, China
    3. Yichun Meteorological Bureau of Heilongjiang ProvinceYichun 153000, Heilongjian, China
    4. Daxinganling Meteorological Administration of Heilongjiang ProvinceDaxinganling 165000, Heilongjian, China
  • Received:2025-06-10 Revised:2025-09-28 Online:2025-12-31 Published:2026-01-19

摘要:

2024年11月25—29日,黑龙江省发生一次东北冷涡背景下的极端降水过程,多站降水量突破历史极值。基于黑龙江省地面气象站逐小时观测资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA5再分析资料,分析此次过程中东北冷涡的演变特征及持续性强降水的形成机制。结果表明,东北冷涡冷心结构最初出现在中层,随冷涡发展向下延伸,在减弱阶段再次回升至中层;冷涡发展及强盛阶段,南侧以下沉气流为主,北侧和东侧存在显著上升运动及深厚湿区。强降水期间,降水中心始终位于冷涡东侧,东南风低空急流和超低空急流构成暖输送带,持续向强降水区输送水汽和热量,且急流强度具有明显日变化特征,凌晨至午后急流增强,大风区向下延伸,垂直风切变显著。强降水与925 hPa强水汽辐合区对应良好,鹤岗附近降水中心长时间维持稳定的水汽输送和辐合,是形成极端降水的必要条件。此外,地形辐合抬升及高、低空急流的耦合作用显著增强低层上升运动,使强降水持续并最终导致极端降水,极端降水主要出现在小兴安岭东侧山麓迎风坡区域。

关键词: 东北冷涡, 超低空急流, 高低空急流耦合, 地形, 强降水

Abstract:

From 25 to 29 November 2024, Heilongjiang Province experienced an extreme precipitation event associated with a northeast cold vortex (NECV), during which precipitation at multiple observation stations exceeded historical records. Using hourly observations from surface meteorological stations in Heilongjiang Province and ERA5 reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), the evolution characteristics of the NECV and the formation mechanisms of sustained heavy precipitation were investigated. The results indicate that the cold-core structure of the NECV initially appeared in the mid-troposphere, extended downward during its development, and retreated to the mid-levels during the weakening stage. During the development and mature stages, subsidence dominated on the southern side of the vortex, while pronounced upward motion and deep moist layers were present on the northern and eastern sides. Throughout the heavy precipitation period, the precipitation center remained on the eastern side of the NECV. The southeasterly low-level jet and super low level jet acted as warm conveyor belts, continuously transporting moisture and heat to the precipitation area, and exhibited a pronounced diurnal variation, with jet intensification and downward extension of strong winds from early morning to afternoon, accompanied by significant vertical wind shear. Heavy precipitation showed a strong correspondence with the 925 hPa moisture convergence zone. The long-term maintenance of sustained moisture transport and convergence near Hegang was a necessary condition for the occurrence of extreme precipitation. In addition, terrain-induced convergence and uplift, together with the coupling of upper- and lower level jets, significantly enhanced low level ascent, leading to prolonged and extreme precipitation. Extreme precipitation mainly occurred on the windward slopes of the eastern foothills of the Xiaoxing’an Mountains.

Key words: northeast cold vortex (NECV), super low level jet, coupling of high and low level jets, terrain, heavy precipitation

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