华北地区一次对流激发重力波的卫星观测和数值模拟研究

doi:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639（2022）-03-0444

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

对流激发的重力波能够向中层大气输送动量和能量,准确获取重力波主要特征对于研究中层大气的动力学和热力学结构非常重要。本文利用COSMIC（constellation observing system for meteorology, ionosphere and climate）资料,结合中尺度数值预报模式WRF（weather research and forecasting）,对2010年8月4日发生在华北地区上空的一次对流激发的重力波事件进行分析。结果表明：此次事件激发的重力波在平流层以中低频重力波为主,且在平流层中垂直波长、水平波长分别为9~11 km和650~800 km,约62%的动量聚集在15~25 km高度的低平流层。在对流活动发生期间,低平流层重力波势能密度一直维持较大数值,而上平流层重力波势能密度则在对流减弱后迅速减小,且伴随着下一次对流活动的出现再次迅速增大。平流层不同高度上重力波势能密度对对流活动的响应主要与对流发展高度和背景风场有关,当对流发展较浅时,其激发的重力波在低层西风中易耗散;当对流发展较深到16 km甚至更高时,其激发的重力波接近零风层,并在东风中迅速上传,使得高层重力波势能密度增加较快。

关键词: 重力波, 对流, 卫星观测, WRF模拟

Abstract:

The convection-excited gravity waves can transfer momentum and energy to the middle atmosphere, and it is very important to accurately obtain the main characteristics of gravity waves for studying the dynamics and thermodynamic structure of the middle atmosphere. Based on the constellation observing system for meteorology, ionosphere and climate (COSMIC) data and the weather research and forecasting model (WRF), the gravity wave excited by a convection over North China on 4 August 2010 was investigated in this paper. The results show that the gravity waves excited by the convection were mainly low and medium frequency wave in the stratosphere, and the vertical and horizontal wavelengths were 9-11 km and 650-800 km in the stratosphere, respectively. About 62% of momentum was aggregated in 15-25 km height of the lower stratosphere. During the occurrence of convection activity, the potential energy per unit mass of gravity wave in the lower stratosphere always maintained a large value, while in the upper stratosphere it decreased rapidly when the convection weakened, and it increased rapidly with the next convection once again. The response of potential energy per unit mass of stratospheric gravity wave to convection at different heights was mainly related to the development height of convection and the background wind field. When the convection development was shallow, the excited gravity wave was easily dissipated in the low-level westerly wind. However, when the convection developed to 16 km or higher, the excited gravity wave was close to the zero wind layer, and it could be rapidly uploaded in the easterly wind, resulting in rapid increase of gravity wave potential energy per unit mass in the upper layer.

Key words: gravity wave, convection, satellite observation, WRF simulation

中图分类号:

P412.291

殷青青, 任璐, 田文寿, 王涛, 杨景怡, 张健恺. 华北地区一次对流激发重力波的卫星观测和数值模拟研究[J]. 干旱气象, 2022, 40(3): 444-455.

YIN Qingqing, REN Lu, TIAN Wenshou, WANG Tao, YANG Jingyi, ZHANG Jiankai. Satellite observation and numerical simulation of gravity wave excited by a convection over North China[J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 2022, 40(3): 444-455.

图/表 12

图1 WRF模拟区域的海拔高度（填色区,单位：m）和双重网格嵌套区域（矩形区）以及选取的 COSMIC卫星廓线位置（红色圆点）分布 [红色采样点1（115.60°E,37.04°N）、2（117.36°E,39.83°N）、3（118.08°E,36.56°N）的扫描时间分别为12：19、18：30、12：19（世界时）]

Fig.1 The altitude （color shaded areas, Unit： m） of simulation area by WRF model and double grid domains （rectangle areas）, and the location distribution of selected profiles from COSMIC satellite （red dots）（The scanning time of red sampling point 1 （115.60°E, 37.04°N）, 2 （117.36°E, 39.83°N） and 3 （118.08°E, 36.56°N） is 12：19 UTC, 18：30 UTC and 12：19 UTC, respectively）

表1 WRF模式的参数化方案设置

Tab.1 Parameterized scheme setting of WRF model

参数化方案	设置
微物理参数化方案	WSM3方案^[38]
积云参数化方案	Grell-Devenyi积云对流方案^[39]
行星边界层方案	MYJ方案^[40]
长波辐射方案	RRTM方案^[41]
短波辐射方案	Dudhia方案^[42]
近地面层方案	MYJ Monin-Obukhov方案^[43]
陆面过程方案	Noah 方案^[44]

图2 2010年8月4日18：05AIRS卫星观测的8.1 μm亮温（a）和4.3 μm亮温扰动振幅（b）的空间分布（单位：K）（白色实线包围的区域亮温值小于220 K）

Fig.2 The spatial distribution of brightness temperature at 8.1 μm （a） and amplitude of brightness temperature disturbance at 4.3 μm （b） from AIRS at 18：05 UTC on 4 August 2010 （Unit： K ）（The value of brightness temperature in regions enclosed by white solid line is less than 220 K）

图3 2010年8月4日COSMIC卫星探测的不同采样点扰动温度（a）、垂直波长（b）、势能密度（c）和动量通量（d）廓线（数字1、2、3为图1上的采样点。下同）

Fig.3 The profiles of disturbance temperature （a）, vertical wavelength （b）, potential energy per unit mass （c） and momentum flux （d） at different sampling points from COSMIC satellite on 4 August 2010 （The number 1, 2, 3 represent the sampling points in Fig. 1. the same as below）

图4 2010年8月4日00：00—18：00 30 hPa高度上ERA5再分析资料（a、b、c、d）和WRF模式输出（e、f、g、h）的温度场（填色区,单位：K）和水平风场（白色箭头,单位：m·s-1）对比（a、e）00：00,（b、f）06：00,（c、g）12：00,（d、h）18：00

Fig.4 The comparison of temperature field （color shaded areas, Unit： K） and horizontal wind field （white arrows, Unit： m·s-1） from ERA5 reanalysis data （a, b, c, d） and WRF simulation （e, f, g, h） at 30 hPa from 00：00 UTC to 18：00 UTC on 4 August 2010（a, e） 00：00 UTC, （b, f） 06：00 UTC, （c, g） 12：00 UTC, （d, h） 18：00 UTC

图5 2010年8月4日06：00—21：00 FY-2E卫星探测的TBB（a、b、c、d、e、f）和WRF模式模拟的CTT（g、h、i、j、k、l）对比（单位：K）（a、g）06：00,（b、h）09：00,（c、i）12：00,（d、j）15：00,（e、k）18：00,（f、l）21：00

Fig.5 The comparison of observed TBB from FY-2E satellite （a, b, c, d, e, f） with simulated CTT by WRF model（g, h, i, j, k, l） from 06：00 UTC to 21：00 UTC on 4 August 2010 （Unit： K）（a, g） 06：00 UTC, （b, h） 09：00 UTC, （c, i） 12：00 UTC, （d, j） 15：00 UTC, （e, k） 18：00 UTC, （f, l） 21：00 UTC

图6 2010年8月4日WRF模式模拟的不同采样点扰动温度（a）、垂直波长（b）、势能密度（c）和动量通量（d）廓线

Fig.6 The profiles of disturbance temperature （a）, vertical wavelength （b）, potential energy per unit mass （c）and momentum flux （d） simulated by WRF model at different sampling points on 4 August 2010

图7 2010年8月4日06：00—21：00 WRF模式输出的30 hPa垂直速度分布（单位：m·s-1）（a）06：00,（b）09：00,（c）12：00,（d）15：00,（e）18：00,（f）21： 00

Fig.7 The distribution of vertical velocity from WRF model at 30 hPa from 06：00 UTC to 21：00 UT C on 4 August 2010 （Unit： m·s-1）（a） 06：00 UTC, （b） 09：00 UTC, （c） 12：00 UTC, （d）15：00 UTC, （e） 18：00 UTC, （f） 21：00 UTC

图8 2010年8月4日06： 00—21：00 WRF模式输出的垂直速度（填色区,单位：m·s-1）和位温（黑色实线,单位：K）沿38°N的经度-高度分布（a）06：00,（b）09：00,（c）12：00,（d）15：00,（e）18：00,（f）21：00

Fig.8 The longitude-height distribution of vertical velocity （color shaded areas, Unit： m·s-1） and potential temperature（black solid lines, Unit： K） from WRF model along 38°N from 06：00 UTC to 21：00 UTC on 4 August 2010 （a） 06：00 UTC, （b） 09：00 UTC, （c） 12：00 UTC, （d） 15：00 UTC, （e） 18：00 UTC, （f） 21：00 UTC

图9 2010年8月4日00：00至5日00：00 WRF模式输出的重力波垂直波长（a,单位：km）、水平波长（b,单位：km）、势能密度（c,单位：J·kg-1）和动量通量（d,单位：Pa）随高度-时间变化

Fig.9 The change of vertical wavelength （a, Unit： km）, horizontal wavelength （b, Unit： km）, potential energy per unit mass （c, Unit： J·kg-1） and momentum flux （d, Unit： Pa） simulated by WRF model with height and time from 00：00 UTC on 4 to 00：00 UTC on 5 August 2010

图10 WRF模式输出的不同高度上平均势能密度（a）和对流强度（b）随时间变化（虚线指示不同高度平均势能密度达到峰值的时间,红色三角形对应对流最强时刻）

Fig.10 The change of average potential energy per unit mass （a） and convective intensity （b） with time simulated by WRF model at different heights （The dotted lines are the corresponding time with the peak value of average potential energy per unit mass at different heights, and the red triangle marks the moment for strongest convection）

图11 2010年8月4日02：00至5日06：00 WRF模式输出的u风分量沿38°N的经度-高度剖面（单位：m·s-1）（a）4日02：00,（b）4日06：00,（c）4日10：00,（d）4日14：00,（e）4日18：00,（f）4日22：00,（g）5日02：00,（h）5日06：00 （黑色实线的风速为0 m·s-1,紫色实线包围区域的雷达反射率因子大于等于20 dBZ）

Fig.11 The longtitude-height section of u component of wind simulated by WRF model along 38°N from 02：00 UTC on 4 to 06：00 UTC on 5 August 2010 （a） 02：00 UTC 4, （b） 06：00 UTC 4, （c） 10：00 UTC 4, （d） 14：00 UTC 4, （e） 18：00 UTC 4,（f） 22： 00 UTC 4, （g） 02：00 UTC 5, （h） 06：00 UTC 5 （The wind speed for black solid line is equal to 0 m·s-1, and the radar reflectivity factor in area enclosed by purple solid line is greater than or equal to 20 dBZ）

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