关键词: 人为热, 污染, 人口密度, 能源消耗, 时空变化

Abstract: The anthropogenic heat emission in winter and summer of Beijing was estimated based on 1 km×1 km spatial resolution population density and the total population data, vehicle number data, road area data, and 12 types of energy consumption data in the statistical yearbooks in 2002, 2010 and 2015. At the same time, the time-sharing coefficients of energy consumption were obtained. The calculation method of the anthropogenic heating emission generated by transportation was improved, and the time-space distribution characteristics of the anthropogenic heat were analyzed. The results show that the anthropogenic heat was mainly produced by traffic, with a minimum of 40% and maximum of 80%. The anthropogenic heat produced by electricity and fuel combustion accounted for about 15%, respectively, and winter heating accounted for about 15%, and the human metabolism accounted for about 3%. Anthropogenic heat generated by traffic showed a double peak structure with the peak values at 08:00 and 18:00, respectively. The anthropogenic heat generated by electricity was a bimodal structure in winter with the peak values at 09:00 and 20:00, respectively. In summer, it was an arc structure with the arc top at 15:00. The anthropogenic heat produced by the energy consumption had two peaks in winter, the main peak was at 09:00, and the secondary peak was at 18:00. There was a single peak shape in summer with the peak value at 18:00. During the day, from 01:00 to 11:00, the artificial heat generated by electricity and energy consumption in winter was greater than that in summer, and at the rest  time of the day, just on the contrary. In summer, from 00:00 to 07:00, the artificial heat generated by electric power was greater than that generated by energy consumption; and in other times, the anthropogenic heat generated by energy consumption was greater than that generated by electric power. In the whole winter, the artificial heat generated by energy consumption was greater than that of electric power. The peak value of anthropogenic heat increased from 130 to 330 W·m-2 in winter and from 120 to 300 W·m-2 in summer from 2002 to 2015. The anthropogenic heat generated by traffic increased significantly year by year. The anthropogenic heat generated by electricity consumption was the largest in 2015, which was about 20 W·m-2, it was close to that in 2010, but it increased significantly since 2002. The anthropogenic heat produced by energy consumption had completely opposite characteristics to that produced by electric power, it gradually decreased from 2002 to 2015. There was a strong correlation between the spatial distribution of anthropogenic heat and the distribution of population density. The areas of high anthropogenic heat also were densely populated urban core areas. The maximum anthropogenic heat in winter and summer in 2002 were 300 and 240 W·m-2, and 660 and 431 W·m-2 in 2010, and 666 and 423 W·m-2 in 2015.

Key words:  anthropogenic heat, pollution, population density, energy consumption, spatial-temporal variation