干旱气象 ›› 2019, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (3): 377-.

• 论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

青海高原致灾性对流天气时空分布特征

朱平1,2,俞小鼎3,王振会2,肖建设4   

  1. 1.青海省气象台,青海西宁810001;2.南京信息工程大学大气物理学院,江苏南京210044;
    3.中国气象局干部培训学院,北京100081;4.青海省气象科学研究所,青海西宁810001
  • 出版日期:2019-06-28 发布日期:2019-07-01
  • 作者简介:朱平(1980— ),女,高级工程师,主要从事灾害性天气预报预警和大气遥感研究. E-mail:ping_xjs2010@126.com。
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(41865006和41761078)及青海省气象局重点项目共同资助

 Temporal and Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Disastrous Convective Weather over the Qinghai Plateau

ZHU Ping1,2, YU Xiaoding3, WANG Zhenhui2, XIAO Jianshe4   

  1. 1. Qinghai Provincial Meteorological Observatory, Xining 810001, China;
    2. School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China;
    3. CMA Training Center, Beijing 100081, China; 4. Meteorological Institute of Qinghai Province, Xining 810001, China
  • Online:2019-06-28 Published:2019-07-01

摘要: 利用2005—2016年青海高原地面观测、灾情和卫星云图等资料,对青海高原致灾性对流天气进行筛选和分类,在此基础上分析了各类致灾性对流天气的时空分布特征及与地形的关系。结果表明:(1)青海高原致灾性对流主要有雷暴、短时强降水、冰雹以及混合类四种,集中分布于高原东部。(2)地形对致灾性对流的落区、频次和强度起关键作用。雷暴多产生于山区,短时强降水和冰雹主要产生在迎风坡、河谷和地势较开阔的低地。其中,青东农区以混合类和冰雹居多,青南牧区以混合类居多,环湖与祁连地区和柴达木盆地以短时强降水居多。(3)近12 a青海高原致灾性对流整体呈波动式减少,2005—2010年(前期)致灾性对流日数和次数较多,2011—2016年(后期)显著减少,但不同类型年际变化特征略有差异。其中,冰雹和雷暴日数前期较大,后期显著减少;混合类和短时强降水日数无明显变化趋势,但前者年际波动幅度较后者大。(4)致灾性对流主要产生于5—9月,各类型均呈现典型的单峰型月分布,混合类和冰雹日数及次数的峰值均在8月,雷暴日数和次数的峰值均在6月,而短时强降水日数和次数的峰值分别在8月、7月。(5)致灾性对流集中产生于13:00至次日01:00,高峰时段(16:00—20:00)以冰雹和混合类居多,而夜间时段以短时强降水居多。

关键词: 青海高原, 致灾性对流, 地形, 时空分布

Abstract: Based on the conventional observation data from ground weather stations, disaster situation and cloud images in the Qinghai Plateau from 2005 to 2016, the disastrous convective weathers were selected and classified. And on this basis the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of disastrous convection with different types and their relationship with topography were analyzed. The results are as follows: (1) The disastrous convection in the Qinghai Plateau mainly included thunderstorm, short-time heavy precipitation, hail and mixed type during 2005-2016, and they distributed mostly in the east of the Qinghai Plateau. (2) Topography played a key role in the location, frequency and intensity of disastrous convection. Thunderstorms mostly occurred in mountainous areas, the short-time heavy precipitation and hail mainly occurred in windward slopes, river valleys and open lowlands. The predominant disastrous convections were the mixed type and hail in agricultural area of eastern Qinghai, the mixed in pastoral area of southern Qinghai and the short-time heavy precipitation in Qinghai Lake, Qilian Mountains and Qaidam Basin, respectively. (3) The disastrous convection over the Qinghai Plateau decreased in a fluctuating tendency during 2005-2016. The days and frequencies of disastrous convection were more from 2005 to 2010 (the earlier stage), and they decreased significantly from 2011 to 2016 (the later stage), while the annual variations characteristics of disastrous convection with different types were slightly different. The days of hail and thunderstorm were larger in the early stage and decreased significantly in the later stage. The change trend of mixed type and short-time heavy precipitation days wasn’t obvious, but the annual fluctuant range of the former was larger than that of the latter. (4) Disastrous convection mainly occurred from May to September in the Qinghai Plateau, and the monthly days and frequencies of disastrous convection with different types showed a typical single peak distribution. The peak of hail and mixed type days and frequencies was in August and that of thunderstorm days and frequencies was in June, while the peak of short-time heavy precipitation days and frequencies was in August and July, respectively. (5) Disastrous convection concentrated from 13:00 pm to 01:00 am in the next day, the hail and mixed types dominated at the peak stage (16:00-20:00), while the short-time heavy precipitation dominated in the nighttime.

Key words:  Qinghai Plateau, disastrous convection, topography, temporal and spatial distribution

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