基于精细化观测的国家体育场区域气温特征研究

doi:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639-2025-01-0088

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

国家体育场（简称“鸟巢”）及其周边3 km范围内的北京奥林匹克公园（简称“奥森”）和国家奥林匹克体育中心（简称“奥体”）区域，分别代表大型密集建筑体育场馆区、自然下垫面区域及临近大型体育场馆的3种不同地面气象探测环境。利用2020—2021年鸟巢、奥森和奥体区域自动气象站的逐时气温、降雨量、风速和风向观测资料，对鸟巢周围不同气象探测环境下的气温特征进行精细化分析。研究结果表明，与奥森站相比，奥体和鸟巢看台的年平均温度分别高出1.3、2.1 ℃，且冬半年气温差异明显大于夏半年；鸟巢内部看台区的逐月平均气温普遍高于冠顶区域，东看台年平均气温略高于西看台0.2 ℃，鸟巢半封闭冠顶结构导致的阴影遮蔽效应使其逐时温差与太阳高度角呈良好对应关系。此外，奥体与奥森站的逐时月平均气温变化趋势较为一致，但奥森站气温变化更快。研究还发现，各气象站的温差与风速和降水天气条件存在相应的关联特征。

关键词: 国家体育场, 探测环境, 气温, 太阳高度角, 降水量

Abstract:

The National Stadium (Bird’s Nest), Beijing Olympic Park (Osen) and the National Olympic Sports Center (Oti) within a 3 km radius represent three distinct near-ground meteorological detection environments: the dense building sports venue area, the natural underlying surface, and the vicinity of large sports venues, respectively. Using hourly observation data of temperature, rainfall, wind speed and wind direction from meteorological stations in the Bird’s Nest, Osen, and Oti areas from 2020 to 2021, this study conducted a detailed analysis of temperature characteristics in these different environments. Results show that the annual average temperature at the Oti and the Bird’s Nest seat areas was 1.3 and 2.1 ℃ higher than that at the Osen. The temperature differences were more pronounced during the winter half-year than in the summer half-year. Within the Bird’s Nest, the monthly average temperature of the seat area was generally higher than that of the canopy, with the east seats being 0.2 ℃ warmer than the west seats. This difference was closely related to the shading effects of the semi-closed canopy structure, which showed a strong correspondence with changes in the solar elevation angle. The hourly average temperature trends at Oti and Osen were largely consistent, but the temperature changes more rapidly at Osen. The study revealed that temperature differences between stations were associated with variations in wind speed and precipitation conditions.

Key words: National Stadium, detection environment, air temperature, solar elevation angle, precipitation

中图分类号:

P423.3

张治国, 崔炜, 聂凯, 李林. 基于精细化观测的国家体育场区域气温特征研究[J]. 干旱气象, 2025, 43(1): 88-96.

ZHANG Zhiguo, CUI Wei, NIE Kai, LI Lin. Study on air temperature characteristics in the National Stadium area based on refined observations[J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 2025, 43(1): 88-96.

图/表 10

图1 鸟巢站、奥森站和奥体站相对位置

Fig.1 The meteorological stations’ relative positions of Bird’s Nest，Osen and Oti

图2 2020年3月—2021年2月鸟巢、奥体、奥森逐月平均气温及奥体站、鸟巢站看台和冠顶与奥森温差的月变化

Fig.2 Monthly average temperature at Bird’s Nest，Oti and and Osen and monthly variation of temperature differences between Oti，Bird’s Nest （seat and canopy） and Osen stations from March 2020 to February 2021

图3 2020年3月—2021年2月非降水时段鸟巢站东、西看台逐时月平均气温差分布（单位：℃）

Fig.3 The hourly distribution of monthly average temperature differences between the east and west stands of the Bird’s Nest Station during non-precipitation periods from March 2020 to February 2021 （Unit： ℃）

图4 鸟巢东、西看台2020年6月4—6日平均气温与太阳高度角的逐时变化

Fig.4 Hourly variations of average temperature and solar elevation angle at the east and west stands of the Bird’s Nest Station from June 4 to 6，2020

图5 2020年3月—2021年2月非降水时段鸟巢冠顶4站逐时月平均气温差分布（单位：℃）

Fig.5 Hourly distribution of monthly average temperature differences among the four canopy stations at the Bird’s Nest during non-precipitation periods from March 2020 to February 2021 （Unit： ℃）

图6 2020年3月—2021年2月非降水时段奥体与奥森逐时月平均气温差（a，单位：℃），奥森（b）、奥体（c）逐时月平均气温相邻时次变温及两站变温差值（d）（单位：℃·h-1）

Fig.6 Hourly variation of monthly average temperature differences between Oti and Osen （a，Unit： ℃） and temperature changes in adjacent time periods at Osen （b） and Oti （c），respectively，and the temperature changes’ differences between Oti and Osen （d）（Unit： ℃·h-1） during non-precipitation periods from March 2020 to February 2021

图7 鸟巢东、西看台2020年4月2 min平均风速和风速差

Fig.7 The 2-minute average wind speed and wind speed differences at the east and west stands of the Bird’s Nest in April of 2020

图8 2020年3月—2021年2月非降水时段鸟巢冠顶4站最大温差（a）及鸟巢冠顶平均气温与奥森温差（b）与风速的散点图

Fig.8 Scatter plots of maximum temperature difference among the four stations at the Bird’s Nest canopy (a) and temperature difference between the Bird’s Nest canopy’s average and Osen (b) with wind speed during non-precipitation periods from March 2020 to February 2021

图9 2020年3月6日—2021年2月28日有降水日鸟巢冠顶4站最大温差、鸟巢冠顶平均气温与奥森温差及鸟巢、奥森场区降水量变化

Fig.9 The variations of the maximum temperature difference among the four stations at the Bird’s Nest canopy，the temperature difference between the average temperature at the Bird’s Nest canopy top and that at Osen，and the precipitation in the Bird’s Nest-Osen areas during precipitation periods from 6 March 2020 to 28 February 2021

图10 2020年11月17日23：00—18日17：00鸟巢冠顶平均气温与奥森温差、奥森气温、及鸟巢、奥森场区降水量的逐时变化（为与温差量级保持一致，奥森气温减小10 ℃）

Fig.10 The hourly variations of the temperature difference between the average temperature at the Bird’s Nest canopy top and that at Osen，the Osen’s temperature and the precipitation in the Bird’s Nest-Osen areas from 23：00 on 17 to 17：00 on 18 November，2020 （To align with the magnitude of temperature differences，the temperature readings at Osen were adjusted by subtracting 10 ℃）

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