连续两次飑线大风成因对比分析

doi:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639(2021)-05-0796

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

采用多源气象观测资料,对2018年5月16日江苏省北部的连续两次飑线过程进行综合观测对比分析和数值模拟研究。结果表明:(1)两次飑线过程在相同天气系统影响下的不同环境场中产生,大别山背风坡的背风波扰动是这两次飑线的共同触发机制。(2)两次过程的雷达回波图上均有后部入流急流和中层径向辐合特征,第一次过程的后部入流急流强度更强、高度更高,中层径向辐合的强度更强、厚度更厚,环境风垂直切变的差异是两次飑线组织结构特征存在明显差异的主要因素。(3)在CAPE值相近条件下,第一次过程的整层水汽更丰富、垂直风切变更强、垂直切变伸展高度更高,导致第一次飑线对流系统发展强度更强。(4)两次飑线大风形成的主要物理机制不同,第一次飑线的后部入流急流引导中高层(5~8 km)干暖空气下沉并入侵风暴体,促使其降水粒子强烈蒸发并形成冷池,同时引导高层动量下传产生强烈的出流气流,最终导致地面大风的形成;而第二次飑线后部入流急流引导中低层(3~5 km)干冷空气入侵对流系统,形成冷池和地面大风。(5)第一次过程环境场垂直风切变条件下形成的飑线组织结构特征,更有利于降水粒子强烈蒸发形成更强的冷池和下沉气流,致使第一次飑线地面大风较第二次飑线更强。

关键词: 飑线大风, 背风波扰动, 后部入流急流, 冷池

Abstract:

Based on multi-source meteorological observation data, the two consecutive squall line processes in the northern Jiangsu Province on May 16, 2018 were studied by using comprehensive observational comparative analysis and numerical simulation. The results are as follows: (1) The two squall line processes were generated in different environmental fields, but under the influence of the same weather system. The leeward wave disturbance on the leeward side of the Dabie mountains was the common trigger mechanism of the two squall lines. (2) The two processes had the same characteristics of the rear inflow jet and mid-altitude radial convergence on the radar echo images. For the first process, the rear inflow jet was stronger and higher, and the mid-altitude radial convergence was stronger and thicker. The difference in the vertical shear of the ambient wind was the main impact factor which led to the difference of the structural characteristics of the two squall lines. (3) Under the condition of similar convective available potential energy, the richer water vapor condition, the stronger vertical wind shear and the higher vertical shear extension height in the first process were beneficial to development of squall line system. (4) The main physical mechanisms for the formation of the two squall line gales were different. The inflow jet at the rear of the first squall line guided the mid-and high-level (5-8 km) dry and warm air to sink and intrude into the storm body, prompting its precipitation particles to evaporate strongly, and the cold pool was formed. At the same time, the high-level momentum was guided downward to produce a strong outflow airflow, which eventually led to the formation of ground gale. The inflow jet at the rear of the second squall line guided the low-and middle-level (3-5 km) dry and cold air to invade the convective system, forming cold pool and strong wind on the ground. (5) The structural characteristics of the squall line formed under the vertical wind shear condition of the environmental field in the first process were more conducive to the strong evaporation of precipitation particles to form a stronger cold pool and downdraft, which made the first squall line stronger than the second squall line.

Key words: squall line gale, leeward wave disturbance, rear inflow jet, cold pool

中图分类号:

P458.1⁺23

竹利,卢德全,廖文超,郑淋淋. 连续两次飑线大风成因对比分析[J]. 干旱气象, 2021, 39(5): 796-806.

ZHU Li,LU Dequan,LIAO Wenchao,ZHENG Linlin. Comparative Analysis of Causes of Two Consecutive Squall Line Gales[J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 2021, 39(5): 796-806.

图/表 8

图1 2018年5月16日第一次飑线过程10:00—13:00(左)及第二次飑线过程18:00—21:00(右)雷达组合反射率因子拼图(阴影,单位: dBZ)及8级以上小时极大风场(风向杆,单位: m·s-1)

Fig.1 The mosaic of composited reflectivity factor of radar (shaded, Unit: dBZ) and hourly extreme wind field with wind force greater than grade 8 (wind stems, Unit:m·s-1) from 10:00 BST to 13:00 BST during the first squall line process (the left) and from 18:00 BST to 21:00 BST during the second squall line process (the right) on May 16, 2018

表1 两次飑线影响范围内不同时次极大风速和最大小时雨量

Tab.1 Extreme wind speed and maximum hourly precipitation within the influence range of two squall lines at different time

北京时	极大风速/(m·s^-1)	最大小时雨量/mm
10:00	28.4	41.2
11:00	27.7	42.8
12:00	35.5	38.5
13:00	30.8	44.7
18:00	26.5	42.6
19:00	28.1	36.8
20:00	26.2	26.2
21:00	26.3	32.8

图2 2018年5月16日14:00(a、c)和20:00(b、d)500 hPa位势高度(等值线,单位:dagpm)、风场(风向杆,单位:m·s-1)(a、b)以及700 hPa假相当位温(等值线,单位:℃)、风场(风向杆,单位:m·s-1)(c、d) (阴影区域风速大于16 m·s-1)

Fig.2 The 500 hPa geopotential height (isoline, Unit: dagpm), wind field (wind stem, Unit: m·s-1) (a, b) and 700 hPa potential pseudo equivalent temperature (isoline, Unit: ℃), wind field (wind stem, Unit: m·s-1) (c, d) at 14:00 BST(a, c) and 20:00 BST (b, d) on 16 May 2018 (the shaded area with wind speed greater than 16 m·s-1)

图3 2018年5月16日08:00(a)、12:00 (b)、14:00 (c)和20:00(d)FY-2G云顶亮温TBB(单位:℃) (黑色斜线代表大别山走向)

Fig.3 Black body temperature from FY-2G at 08:00 BST (a), 12:00 BST(b),14:00 BST (c) and 20:00 BST (d) on May 16, 2018 (Unit: ℃) (The black slant line represents alignment of the Dabie Mountain)

图4 2018年5月16日宿迁雷达站10:47 (a)、12:16 (b) 和淮安雷达站18:12 (c)、19:51 (d)0.5°仰角反射率因子(单位:dBZ),以及沿相应时刻飑线主体移动方向的反射率因子(e、f、g、h)(单位:dBZ)和径向速度(i、j、k、l)(单位:m·s-1)剖面 (黑色线为相应时刻飑线主体移动方向)

Fig.4 The reflectivity factor (Unit: dBZ) on 0.5° elevation angle at 10:47 BST (a), 12:16 BST (b) from Suqian radar station and at 18:12 BST (c), 19:51 BST (d) from Huai’an radar station on 16 May 2018, and the profiles of reflectivity factor (e, f, g, h) (Unit: dBZ) and radial velocity (i, j, k, l) (Unit: m·s-1) along the moving direction of the squall line main body at corresponding time (the black line for the moving direction of the squall line main body at corresponding time)

图5 WRF模式模拟的2018年5月16日10:00(a)、11:00(b)、18:00(c)和19:00(d)最大雷达反射率因子(阴影,单位: dBZ)和3 km高度风场(风向杆,单位: m·s-1) (红色线为系统移动方向)

Fig.5 The maximum reflectivity factor of radar (shaded, Unit: dBZ) and wind field at a height of 3 km (wind stem, Unit: m·s-1) simulated by the WRF model at 10:00 BST (a), 11:00 BST (b), 18:00 BST (c) and 19:00 BST (d) on May 16, 2018 (The red lines represent system moving direction)

图6 模拟的2018年5月16日11:00(a)和17:00(b)连云港站斜温图

Fig.6 Simulated skew-T diagram at Lianyungang station at 11:00 BST (a) and 17:00 BST (b) on May 16, 2018

图7 2018年5月16日10:00(a、b)、11:00(c、d)、18:00(e、f)和19:00(g、h)沿着模拟飑线移动方向的相对水平风(单位:m·s-1)和垂直速度(放大2.5倍,单位:m·s-1)的合成(风矢量)、反射率因子(阴影,单位: dBZ)与扰动位温(实等值线为正值,虚等值线为负值;单位: ℃)(a、c、e、g)及相对水平风(单位:m·s-1)和垂直速度(放大2.5倍,单位:m·s-1)的合成(风矢量)、反射率因子(阴影,单位: dBZ)与相对湿度(等值线,单位: %)(b、d、f、h)垂直剖面

Fig.7 The vertical profiles of the composition (wind vector) of horizontal wind (Unit: m·s-1) and vertical velocity (magnified by a factor of 2.5, Unit: m·s-1), reflectivity factor (shaded, Unit: dBZ) and disturbance potential temperature (solid isoline represents positive value, dotted isoline represents negative value, Unit: ℃) (a, c, e, g) and the vertical profiles of the combination (wind vector) of horizontal wind (Unit: m·s-1) and vertical velocity (magnified by a factor of 2.5, Unit: m·s-1), reflectivity factor (shaded, Unit: dBZ) and relative humidity (solid line, Unit: %) (b, d, f, h) along the moving direction of the simulated squall line at 10:00 BST (a, b), 11:00 BST (c, d), 18:00 BST (e, f) and 19:00 BST (g, h) on May 16, 2018

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