2014—2017年石家庄正定国际机场低空风切变特征及天气形势分析

doi:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639(2021)-05-0775

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

采用2014—2017年河北石家庄正定国际机场的31次低空风切变航空记录、地面观测资料及同期NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对正定国际机场低空风切变特征及发生低空风切变的天气形势进行统计分析。结果表明:2014—2017年正定国际机场低空风切变主要出现在午后和傍晚,14:00为峰值;春季最多,夏季次之;2015年低空风切变出现次数最多。石家庄正定国际机场出现低空风切变的天气形势主要有西北气流型、低涡型、西风槽型和横槽型,其中西北气流型出现低空风切变次数最多,且多在春冬季,春季最多,另外低涡型的对流天气易出现低空风切变。低空风切变预报时要多关注西北气流天气形势下的3 h和1 h正变压及负变温以及低涡天气形势下短时间内的气压和气温变化。

关键词: 正定国际机场, 低空风切变, 天气形势

Abstract:

Based on 31 aviation records of low-level wind shear, surface observational data at Shijiazhuang Zhengding international airport of Hebei Province and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data from 2014 to 2017, the characteristics of low-level wind shear and corresponding weather situations were analyzed. The results show that the low-level wind shear mainly occurred in the afternoon and nightfall, with the peak at 14:00 BST. The majority of low-level wind shear events occurred in spring, and the low-level wind shear events occurred most in April. The number of low-level wind shear events at Zhengding international airport was the highest in 2015. The mainly weather situations which were conducive to occurrence of low-level wind shear events were northwest airflow type, vortex type, west wind trough type and horizontal trough type. Furthermore, low-level wind shear occurred most under the weather situation of northwest airflow type, especially in spring and winter. The convective weather under the vortex weather situation was prone to occurrence of low-level wind shear. In addition, more attention should be paid on 3 hours and 1 hour anallobaric and negative temperature variation under the northwest airflow weather situation, as well as allobaric and variable temperature in a short time under the vortex weather situation for forecasting low-level wind shear.

Key words: Zhengding international airport, low-level wind shear, weather situation

中图分类号:

P425

吴丹,李美琪,郭蕊,贾小卫,刘浩,柳泉. 2014—2017年石家庄正定国际机场低空风切变特征及天气形势分析[J]. 干旱气象, 2021, 39(5): 775-784.

WU Dan,LI Meiqi,GUO Rui,JIA Xiaowei,LIU Hao,LIU Quan. Low-level Wind Shear and Its Weather Situation at Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport from 2014 to 2017[J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 2021, 39(5): 775-784.

图/表 8

图1 正定国际机场周边地形(单位:m)(a)及机场跑道示意图(b) (黑色圆点为机场位置)

Fig.1 Terrain distribution (Unit: m) around the Zhengding international airport (a) and runway direction of the airport (b) (the black dot for the location of Zhengding international airport)

图2 2014—2017年正定国际机场低空风切变发生频次的年际(a)、月际(b)和日(c)变化

Fig.2 The inter-annual (a), monthly (b) and diurnal (c) variation of occurrence frequency of low-level wind shear at Zhengding international airport from 2014 to 2017

表1 2014—2017年2—4月正定国际机场大风(10 min平均风速大于10 m·s-1)发生频次

Tab.1 The occurrence frequency of gale (10 minutes average wind speed greater than 10 m·s-1) at Zhengding international airport from February to April during 2014-2017 单位:次

月份	2014年	2015年	2016年	2017年
2月	0	3	5	6
3月	0	6	1	0
4月	1	9	0	0
合计	1	18	6	6

图3 2014—2017年正定国际机场出现低空风切变前后10 min的地面阵风风速(a)和风向(b)的发生频率

Fig.3 The occurrence frequency of wind speed (a) and wind direction (b) of ground gust 10 minutes before and after low-level wind shear at Zhengding international airport during 2014-2017

图4 2015年3月3日08:00(a、c、e)、2017年3月1日14:00(b、d、f)西北气流型天气形势下500 hPa(a、b)、700 hPa(c、d)位势高度场(黑色线,单位:dagpm)、风场(风矢量,单位:m·s-1)、温度场(红色线,单位:℃)和海平面气压场(黑色线,单位:hPa)、风场(风矢量,单位:m·s-1)、温度场(红色线,单位:℃)(e、f) (红色圆点为正定国际机场位置,下同)

Fig.4 The geopotential height field (the black lines, Unit: dagpm), wind field (vectors, Unit: m·s-1),temperature field (the red lines, Unit: ℃) on 500 hPa (a, b), 700 hPa (c, d) and sea level pressure field (the black lines, Unit: hPa), wind field (vectors, Unit: m·s-1) and temperature field (the red lines, Unit: ℃) (e, f) under the weather situation of northwest airflow type at 08:00 BST 3 March 2015 (a, c, e) and 14:00 BST 1 March 2017 (b, d, f) (the red dot for the location of Zhengding international airport, the same as below)

图5 2015年6月4日14:00(a、c、e)、6月9日14:00(b、d、f)低涡型天气形势下500 hPa(a、b)、700 hPa(c、d)位势高度场(黑色线,单位:dagpm)、风场(风矢量,单位:m·s-1)、温度场(红色线,单位:℃)和海平面气压场(黑色线,单位:hPa)、风场(风矢量,单位:m·s-1)、温度场(红色线,单位:℃)(e、f)

Fig.5 The geopotential height field (the black lines, Unit: dagpm), wind field (vectors, Unit: m·s-1), temperature field (the red lines, Unit: ℃) on 500 hPa (a, b), 700 hPa (c, d) and sea level pressure field (the black lines, Unit: hPa), wind field (vectors, Unit: m·s-1) and temperature field (the red lines, Unit: ℃) (e、f) under the weather situation of vortex type at 14:00 BST 4 June 2015 (a, c, e) and 14:00 BST 9 June 2015 (b, d, f)

图6 2014年5月23日20:00(a、c、e)、2015年5月1日08:00(b、d、f)西风槽型天气形势下500 hPa(a、b)、700 hPa(c、d)位势高度场(黑色线,单位:dagpm)、风场(风矢量,单位:m·s-1)、温度场(红色线,单位:℃)和海平面气压场(黑色线,单位:hPa)、风场(风矢量,单位:m·s-1)、温度场(红色线,单位:℃)(e、f)

Fig.6 The geopotential height field (the black lines, Unit: dagpm), wind field (vectors, Unit: m·s-1), temperature field (the red lines, Unit: ℃) on 500 hPa (a, b), 700 hPa (c, d) and sea level pressure field (the black lines, Unit: hPa), wind field (vectors, Unit: m·s-1) and temperature field (the red lines, Unit: ℃) (e, f) under the weather situation of west wind trough type at 20:00 BST 23 May 2014 (a, c, e) and 08:00 BST 1 May 2015 (b, d, f)

图7 2014—2017年西北气流型和低涡型天气形势下正定国际机场出现低空风切变时地面不同时间变压(a)、变温(b)的箱线图

Fig.7 The box diagram of allobaric (a) and variable temperature (b) at different time during low-level wind shear at Zhengding international airport under the weather situations of northwest airflow type and vortex type during 2014-2017

参考文献 26

[1]	周建华, 张中锋, 庄卫方. 航空气象业务[M]. 北京: 气象出版社, 2011: 37.
[2]	孙凌峰, 郭学良, 孙立潭, 等. 武汉“6.22”空难下击暴流的三维数值模拟研究[J]. 大气科学, 2003, 27(6):1077-1092.
[3]	李锦耀. 延安栅场春季低空风切变频发原因分析[J]. 空中交通管理, 2010(6):22-24.
[4]	王春红, 朱雯娜, 陈阳权. 乌鲁木齐国际机场风切变颠簸天气个例分析[J]. 沙漠与绿洲气象, 2013, 7(6):15-21.
[5]	林莉, 袁振, 黄盛军, 等. “2.23”昆明长水机场低空风切变分析及可预报时效估计[J]. 高原山地气象研究, 2018, 38(1):42-47.
[6]	赵树海. 航空气象学[M]. 北京: 气象出版社, 1994.
[7]	FUJITA T T, CARACENA F. An analysis of three weather-related aircraft accidents[J]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 1977, 58(11):1164-1181. DOI URL
[8]	FUJITA T T. Downbursts and microbursts-an aviation hazard[C]// Preprints. Nineteenth conference on radar meteorology, American Meteorology Society, 1980:94-101.
[9]	王学永, 金维明, 洪钟祥, 等. 雷暴型风切变及其对飞机飞行影响的初步探讨[J]. 大气科学, 1986, 10(1):55-67.
[10]	赵树海. 飞机起落中可能遇到的超低空急流[J]. 南京气象学院学报, 1992, 15(1):110-116.
[11]	王楠, 刘黎平, 徐宝祥, 等. 利用多普勒雷达资料识别低空风切变和辐合线方法研究[J]. 应用气象学报, 2007, 18(3):314-320.
[12]	盛春岩, 刁秀广. 一次对流系统引起奥帆赛场风速突然减小的多普勒雷达特征[J]. 气象, 2008, 34(5):89-93.
[13]	王海霞, 张宏升, 李云峰, 等. 上海浦东国际机场低层大气垂直风场特征研究[J]. 气象, 2013, 39(11):1500-1506.
[14]	王佳津, 张琪, 张涛, 等. 成都两次暴雨期间风廓线雷达观测的低空风场特征[J]. 干旱气象, 2021, 39(1):87-95.
[15]	马劲敏, 林超, 赵素蓉, 等. 北京首都国际机场低空风切变观测分析和数值模拟[J]. 兰州大学学报(自然科学版), 2013, 49(3):354-360.
[16]	史丹妮, 周东旭, 胡荣章, 等. 2009.3.23东京成田机场坠机的气象条件分析与数值模拟[J]. 气象, 2010, 36(9):9-13.
[17]	NCAR. Low level wind shear alert system (LLWAS)[EB/OL]. [2021-8-26]. http://www.ral.ucar.edu/projects/llwas/.
[18]	王青梅, 郭利乐. 激光雷达在机场低空风切变探测中的应用[J]. 激光与红外, 2012, 42(12):1324-1328.
[19]	段炼, 贾胜博. 低空风切变警告系统研究[J]. 企业科技与发展, 2015, 4(2):11-14.
[20]	刘开宇, 申红喜, 成永勤, 等. 贵阳机场冷锋型低空风切变的合成分析[J]. 云南大学学报(自然科学版), 2011, 33(增刊2):392-396.
[21]	党冰, 孙伟中, 王嘉媛, 等. 2004—2007年兰州中川机场低空风切变分析[J]. 兰州大学学报(自然科学版), 2013, 49(1):63-69.
[22]	王海霞, 张宏升, 潘江勇, 等. 银川河东机场低空风切变特征及环流背景分析[J]. 干旱气象, 2012, 30(1):45-52.
[23]	杨洪儒, 王楠. 地窝堡机场东南大风特征及其大气结构[J]. 干旱气象, 2014, 32(3):393-398.
[24]	丁江钰, 陈小婷, 王建鹏, 等. 福州长乐机场雷暴及风切变天气特征[J]. 干旱气象, 2019, 37(2):270-276.
[25]	郭智亮, 谢文锋, 钟加杰. 广州白云机场一次微下击暴流引起的低空风切变过程分析[J]. 沙漠与绿洲气象, 2019, 13(4):71-78.
[26]	JACOBI C, SIEMER A H, ROTH R. On wind shear at fronts and inversions[J]. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 1996, 59(3/4):235-243. DOI URL