• CN 62-1175/P
  • ISSN 1006-7639
  • 双月刊
  • 中国科技核心期刊
  • 中国学术期刊综合评价数据库统计源期刊
  • 中文科技期刊数据库收录期刊

干旱气象, 2026, 44(3): 437-450 DOI: 10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639-2026-03-0437

论文

秦岭及周边地区夏季极端降水环流特征及成因分析

井宇,1,2, 陈闯2,3, 赵强1,2, 李明1,2, 何娟1,2

1 陕西省气象台陕西 西安 710014

2 中国气象局秦岭和黄土高原生态环境气象重点开放实验室陕西 西安 710016

3 陕西省气象科学研究所陕西 西安 710016

Circulation characteristics and causal analysis of extreme summer precipitation over the Qinling Mountains and surrounding regions

JING Yu,1,2, CHEN Chuang2,3, ZHAO Qiang1,2, LI Ming1,2, HE Juan1,2

1 Shaanxi Meteorological ObservatoryXi’an 710014China

2 CMA Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment and Meteorology for the Qinling Mountains and Loess PlateauXi’an 710016China

3 Shaanxi Institute of Meteorological SciencesXi’an 710016China

责任编辑: 胡蝶;校对:黄小燕

收稿日期: 2026-03-11   修回日期: 2026-05-11  

基金资助: 中国气象局秦岭和黄土高原生态环境气象重点开放实验室开放研究基金课题(2025G-10)
中国气象局复盘总结专项(FPZJ2025-131)
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2025JC-YBMS-284)

Received: 2026-03-11   Revised: 2026-05-11  

作者简介 About authors

井宇(1985—),女,高级工程师,主要从事短临天气预报技术研究。E-mail: jingyu.1128@163.com

摘要

为深入认识秦岭及周边地区夏季极端降水的环流特征和形成机制,本文基于2008—2025年地面气象站降水数据和欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA5再分析资料,应用谱聚类方法,将秦岭北部和南部(以34°N为界划分)的区域小时极端降水(Regional Hourly Extreme Precipitation,RHEP)分别归纳为3类和4类典型环流型,探讨夏季RHEP的主要环流特征及水汽、热力和动力条件。结果表明:1)各类环流型200 hPa均受南亚高压边缘附近辐散场影响,500 hPa及以下多表现为西太平洋副高控制下的暖湿气流输送与短波槽、切变线等共同作用;副高外围气流向秦岭及周边输送充沛水汽,并在极端降水区形成明显辐合;不同环流配置及其与复杂地形的抬升辐合效应共同强化垂直运动,是导致RHEP高发区空间分布不同的重要原因。2)各类环流型对流层低层副高外围表现为西南、偏南或东南风异常,部分类型伴随青藏高原东北侧偏北风异常,有利于冷暖气流交汇,从而促进RHEP发生。3)水汽诊断分析表明,阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾、南海、西太平洋以及东海等多源水汽在华南及华东汇合后向秦岭及周边地区输送;秦岭北部和南部区域各环流型以对流层中低层南边界水汽输入为主,部分类型还受东边界水汽输入影响。4)各类环流型RHEP频次最大值均位于特殊地形附近,普遍具有较低对流抑制能量(Convective Inhibition,CIN)和较大的K指数,表明大气不稳定明显,较弱的抬升机制即可触发对流发展。

关键词: 秦岭及周边地区; 极端降水; 环流特征; 特殊地形

Abstract

To further understand the circulation characteristics and formation mechanisms of summer extreme precipitation over the Qinling Mountains and surrounding areas, this study used precipitation data from automatic weather stations and ERA5 reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts from 2008 to 2025. Using spectral clustering method, the regional hourly extreme precipitation (RHEP) in the north and south of the Qinling Mountains (divided along 34°N) was classified into three and four typical circulation patterns, respectively. The dominant circulation features, water vapor, thermal, and dynamic conditions of summer RHEP were further investigated. The results are as follows: (1) At 200 hPa, all circulation types are influenced by divergence near the periphery of the South Asian High; at 500 hPa and below, these patterns are predominantly characterized by the combined effects of warm, moist air transport associated with the Western Pacific Subtropical High and short-wave troughs, shear lines, and similar features. Abundant moisture is transported by the peripheral airflow of the Subtropical High toward the Qinling Mountains and surrounding regions, producing pronounced convergence over regions of extreme precipitation. The combined effects of different circulation configurations and their interactions with complex terrain through orographic lifting and convergence intensify vertical motion, which is a key factor contributing to the spatial variability of RHEP occurrence. (2) In the lower troposphere, the periphery of the Subtropical High in each circulation pattern is characterized by anomalous southwesterly, southerly, or southeasterly airflow, with some types accompanied by anomalous northerly airflow on the northeastern side of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, favoring the confluence of cold and warm air and thereby promoting the occurrence of RHEP. (3) Water vapor diagnostic analysis reveals that multi-source water vapor from the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, South China Sea, Western Pacific Ocean, and East China Sea converges over South China and East China, and is subsequently transported to the Qinling Mountains and its adjacent areas. In the areas north and south of the Qinling Mountains, most circulation patterns are predominantly influenced by water vapor input from the southern boundary of the lower-to-middle troposphere, while certain circulation types are predominantly influenced by water vapor input from the eastern boundary. (4) The peak frequency of RHEP for each circulation type occurs near specific topographic features, generally characterized by low convective inhibition (CIN) and high K-index values, indicating pronounced atmospheric instability, where even weak lifting mechanisms are sufficient to trigger the development of convection.

Keywords: the Qinling Mountains and surrounding regions; extreme precipitation; circulation characteristics; special topography

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本文引用格式

井宇, 陈闯, 赵强, 李明, 何娟. 秦岭及周边地区夏季极端降水环流特征及成因分析[J]. 干旱气象, 2026, 44(3): 437-450 DOI:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639-2026-03-0437

JING Yu, CHEN Chuang, ZHAO Qiang, LI Ming, HE Juan. Circulation characteristics and causal analysis of extreme summer precipitation over the Qinling Mountains and surrounding regions[J]. Arid Meteorology, 2026, 44(3): 437-450 DOI:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639-2026-03-0437

0 引言

极端降水的时空分布具有显著的局域性(Zhao et al.,2020;Zeng et al.,2023),常导致泥石流、山洪、滑坡等灾害性天气发生,给人类社会和经济带来灾难性影响(李银娥等,2019;Nie and Sun,2021;Jiang et al.,2024)。全球变暖导致大气水汽增加、强降水事件频发且强度显著增强(周雅蔓等,2021;Sun et al.,2021;姚彦伶等,2023;Yu et al.,2025),深入揭示极端降水的生成发展机制、有效提升预测精度与风险评估能力,对生态保护、水资源管理和灾害防御具有重要科学价值和现实意义(Zhao et al.,2020;Tang et al.,2021)。

研究表明,极端降水受大气环流、温湿条件及局地地形等多因素共同作用(Chen et al.,2021;Xu et al.,2023;Zeng et al.,2023;Chen et al.,2024;马琼等,2025)。高空槽、西太平洋副热带高压(简称副高)、低涡切变等天气系统相互作用,可为极端降水的发生提供必要的动力抬升和水汽输送条件;受天气系统配置差异影响,极端降水空间分布呈现显著的区域性差异(Luo et al.,2016;王丛梅等,2017;Zeng et al.,2023;Xu et al.,2023)。同时,地形也起到重要调控作用(Chen et al.,2024),特殊地形阻挡与强迫抬升效应叠加不同天气系统影响,进一步改变降水范围、强降水落区及其中心位置(杨侃等,2020)。

秦岭及其周边地区因独特的地理位置和气候特征,降水呈显著差异(张宏芳等,2015;潘留杰等,2018;位晶和段克勤,2018;张宏芳等,2020)。近年来,围绕秦岭及周边地区极端降水的研究不断增多,相关成果主要集中于极端降水的时空变化特征(Jiang et al.,2023;Xiang et al.,2023;Li et al.,2024)、环流背景及其气候变化响应(Shao et al.,2019;Wang et al.,2021;Deng et al.,2022;Liao et al.,2025)等方面。研究表明,秦岭—汉江流域—四川盆地这一带的极端降水在空间分布上存在明显差异,副高、东亚夏季风和高空急流等系统的位置、强度及配置差异,以及与秦岭及其周边复杂地形的相互耦合作用,是导致极端降水在秦岭及其周边地区呈现空间差异的重要原因(殷田园等,2019;Li et al.,2021;Deng et al.,2022;Liao et al.,2025)。

上述成果为探究秦岭及周边区域极端降水提供了重要基础,但总体上仍偏重于变化特征和影响因子的描述与解释,针对极端降水的环流系统分型工作较为欠缺。不同区域影响极端降水的环流是否具有可重复识别的主导型?哪些特定环流—水汽—地形配置构成了极端降水的主要条件?这些环流型在秦岭南北是否存在空间差异?上述问题尚未得到充分解决。基于此,本文利用地面气象站降水数据和ERA5再分析资料,采用谱聚类客观分析方法,探讨秦岭及周边地区夏季区域极端降水主要环流特征,进一步加深对该地区极端降水天气发生机理的认识。

1 资料与方法

所用资料包括:1)国家气象信息中心提供的数据完整度在90%及以上的663个地面气象站逐小时降水数据,时段为2008—2025年6—8月,对降水数据的质控包括界限值检查和时空一致性检验(张乐坚等,2016);2)同期欧洲中期天气预报中心第五代再分析资料(ERA5),空间分辨率为0.25°×0.25°,所用物理量参数包括对流有效位能(Convective Available Potential Energy,CAPE)、对流抑制能量(Convective Inhibition,CIN)和大气可降水量(Precipitable Water Vapor,PWV)等。

秦岭及周边地区(29°N—40°N,101°E—115°E)以34°N为界将其划分为秦岭北部和秦岭南部两个研究区域(张宏芳等,2020)(图1)。参考Yu等(2025)的研究方法定义区域小时极端降水事件(Regional Hourly Extreme Precipitation, RHEP):1)基于研究区2008—2025年夏季逐小时降水量(≥0.1 mm),采用95%分位数法确定各站点小时极端降水阈值;2)统计区域内逐小时出现极端降水的站点数,并按升序排列,再采用95%分位数法定义RHEP数量阈值。2008—2025年夏季秦岭北部和南部分别共检测到752 h和928 h的RHEP,分别占夏季总小时数的1.9%和2.3%。

图1

图1   秦岭及周边地区地形高度(单位:m)

Fig.1   Topographical height of the Qinling Mountains and surrounding regions(Unit: m)


谱聚类(Spectral Clustering)是一种适用于高维空间数据聚类的常用方法(Rouhi et al.,2024),本文利用该方法对秦岭北部和南部夏季RHEP的环流型进行分类,综合考虑CH(Calinski Harabasz)评分与物理条件确定聚类数量。对RHEP发生时秦岭北部和南部850、700、500和200 hPa风场进行聚类分析,秦岭北部和南部聚类数分别为3和5的CH评分最高[图2(a)(b)];选取占各区域RHEP比例10%及以上的类别,秦岭北部和南部区域分别为2类(命名为北部1和2类)和3类(命名为南部1、2和3类),秦岭北部和南部区域比例最高类别分别占总RHEP的85.8%和54.5%(图略),这种分布极不平衡。在天气系统配置、中高层冷空气的强度和入侵路径等不同条件下,强降水的地理位置不同(杨晓霞等,2013),因此对两个区域比例最高的类别(北部和南部1类)进行细分,对其中的温度场数据进行Spectral Clustering分析,表明划分为两个类别更为合理(北部1-1和1-2类,南部1-1和1-2类)[图2(c)(d)]。基于上述方法,秦岭北部区域划分为3类,北部1-1、1-2和2类,分别命名为N1、N2和N3;秦岭南部区域划分为4类,南部1-1、1-2、2和3类,分别命名为S1、S2、S3和S4。

图2

图2   基于谱聚类算法分析秦岭北部(a、c)与南部(b、d)风场(a、b)和温度场(c、d)不同聚类数量的CH评分

Fig. 2   The analysis of CH scores of different cluster numbers of wind fields (a, b) and temperature fields (c, d) in the study areas north (a, c) and south (b, d) of the Qinling Mountains based on the Spectral Clustering algorithm


2 结果分析

2.1 环流特征分析

秦岭北部区域N1型环流在夏季每月均有发生,N2型主要发生在7月和8月,N3型仅出现在7月,3种类型发生频率峰值均出现在7月。秦岭南部区域S1、S2、S3、S4型环流每月均有发生,S1和S3型的频率峰值出现在7月,S2和S4型的频率峰值分别出现在6月和8月(图3)。

图3

图3   2008—2025年6—8月秦岭北部和南部区域RHEP的不同环流类型发生频率

Fig.3   Frequency of different RHEP circulation patterns in the study areas north and south of the Qinling Mountains during June-August, 2008-2025


影响秦岭北部RHEP N1型环流的主要特征是200 hPa南亚高压(以1 252 dagpm等值线作为其识别阈值)中心强度大于1 252 dagpm,辐散中心位于南亚高压以北研究区域的东部[图4(a)],高空辐散有利于低层系统的发展和上升运动增强(张霞等,2021)。500 hPa副高位置偏东,中纬度地区甘肃东部至山西一带存在低压槽,槽后西北气流与等温线交角较大,南下冷空气与槽前西南暖湿气流交汇,RHEP高频区主要位于槽前西南气流区[图4(d)]。700 hPa沿副高外围从广西至陕西由偏南气流逐渐转为西南气流,甘肃附近沿青藏高原东北侧南下的偏北气流与西南气流在陕西附近形成切变,有利于上升运动的发展和水汽的聚集,近地面至500 hPa垂直积分水汽通量散度在切变前方表现为明显的负值区[图4(g)]。850 hPa从广东沿海至山西附近为较一致的偏南气流,陕西中北部存在切变[图4(j)]。中低层低压槽切变前部暖湿气流汇聚区与200 hPa辐散区对应较好,切变造成的辐合运动会进一步加强高空辐散区附近的上升运动,导致RHEP主要分布在秦岭北部的中东部地区。

图4

图4   秦岭北部3类RHEP环流型200 hPa位势高度场(等值线,单位:dagpm)、散度场(填色,单位:10-6 s-1)和风场(风矢,单位:m·s-1)(a、b、c),500 hPa位势高度场(黑色等值线,单位:dagpm)、温度场(红色等值线,单位:℃)、风场(风矢,单位:m·s-1)和RHEP发生频次空间分布(彩色圆点,单位:次)(d、e、f),700 hPa位势高度场(等值线,单位:dagpm)、近地面至500 hPa垂直积分水汽通量散度(填色,单位:10-5 kg·m-2·s-1)和风场(风矢,单位:m·s-1)(g、h、i),850 hPa位势高度场(等值线,单位:dagpm)、近地面至500 hPa垂直积分水汽通量(填色,单位:kg·m-1·s-1)和风场(风矢,单位:m·s-1)(j、k、l)

(★为RHEP发生频次最大值位置,灰色阴影为地形,黑色框为秦岭北部边界)

Fig.4   Synoptic patterns of three RHEP circulation types in the study area north of the Qinling Mountains: 200 hPa geopotential height field (contours, Unit: dagpm), divergence field (the color shaded, Unit: 10-6 s-1) and wind field (vectors, Unit: m·s-1) (a、b、c); 500 hPa geopotential height field (black contours, Unit: dagpm), temperature field (red isolines, Unit: ℃), and wind field (vectors, Unit: m·s-1), along with spatial distribution of the RHEP occurrence frequency (colour dots, Unit: times) (d、e、f); 700 hPa geopotential height field (contours, Unit: dagpm), vertically integrated water vapor flux divergence from the near-surface to 500 hPa (the color shaded, Unit: 10-5 kg·m-2·s-1), and wind field (vectors, Unit: m·s-1) (g、h、i); 850 hPa geopotential height field (contours, Unit: dagpm), vertically integrated water vapor flux from the near-surface to 500 hPa (the color shaded, Unit: kg·m-1·s-1), and wind field (vectors, Unit: m·s-1) (j、k、l)

(★ denotes the location with the highest frequency of RHEP occurrence, the gray shaded denotes topography, the black frame denotes the boundary of the study area north of the Qinling Mountains)


N2型环流200 hPa高空图上,南亚高压中心强度大于1 260 dagpm,研究区的南部和东部为分流型辐散场[图4(b)]。500 hPa副高位置偏西,甘肃东部至山西等地受一浅槽控制,RHEP高频区主要位于浅槽与副高之间的西南气流中[图4(e)]。N2型700 hPa环流形势与N1型相似,但陕西附近切变前方偏南气流更强,近地面至500 hPa垂直积分水汽通量散度的负值中心偏东偏北[图4(h)]。850 hPa环流形势也与N1型相似,但从广东沿海至山西的偏南气流更强,陕西附近也存在切变,有利于RHEP的触发[图4(k)]。

N3型环流200 hPa高空图显示研究区域的东部处在南亚高压边缘的分流辐散区[图4(c)]。副高是影响水汽输送的重要因素(方浩和乔云亭,2019),500 hPa副高位置偏北,使得水汽输送通道也偏北;从浙江至山西为较一致的东南气流,有利于引导暖湿气流向西北输送;研究区上空为气旋式环流,RHEP主要发生在气旋式环流的东侧[图4(f)]。700 hPa从浙江至陕西为较一致的东南气流,近地面至500 hPa垂直积分水汽通量散度的负值区集中分布于山西南部至河南北部[图4(i)]。850 hPa浙江至河北南部存在与东南气流相伴的水汽通道,水汽输送带前方的河北南部至河南北部存在风速辐合区,有利于上升运动发展和水汽聚集[图4(l)]。

在秦岭南部区域,S1型环流200 hPa南亚高压中心强度大于1 260 dagpm,研究区上空为分流型辐散风场,西南部辐散较强[图5(a)]。500 hPa内蒙古附近存在低压槽,槽后温度槽中心低于-12 ℃,副高脊点西伸到117°E,槽后部偏北气流与副高外围西南气流在研究区西部形成切变,该位置也是RHEP发生的高频区[图5(e)]。700 hPa内蒙古西部存在准南北向低压槽,副高外围广西至河南一带维持一致西南气流,低压槽后部沿青藏高原东侧南下的偏北气流与西南气流在四川东部形成切变,切变线附近近地面至500 hPa垂直积分水汽通量散度的负值中心较强[图5(i)]。850 hPa四川东部也存在切变,副高外围从广西至湖北由偏南气流逐渐转为西南气流,向北输送暖湿气流[图5(m)]。

图5

图5   秦岭南部4类RHEP环流型200 hPa位势高度场(等值线,单位:dagpm)、散度(填色,单位:10-6 s-1)和风场(风矢,单位:m·s-1)(a、b、c、d),500 hPa位势高度场(黑色等值线,单位:dagpm)、温度场(红色等值线,单位:℃)、风场(风矢,单位:m·s-1)和RHEP发生频次空间分布(彩色圆点,单位:次)(e、f、g、h),700 hPa位势高度场(等值线,单位:dagpm)、近地面至500 hPa垂直积分水汽通量散度(填色,单位:10-5 kg·m-2·s-1)和风场(风矢,单位:m·s-1)(i、j、k、l),850 hPa位势高度场(等值线,单位:dagpm)、近地面至500 hPa垂直积分水汽通量(填色,单位:kg·m-1·s-1)和风场(风矢,单位:m·s-1)(m、n、o、p)

(★为RHEP发生频次最大值位置,灰色阴影为地形,黑色框为秦岭南部边界)

Fig.5   Synoptic patterns of four RHEP circulation types in the study area south of the Qinling Mountains: 200 hPa geopotential height field (contours, Unit: dagpm), divergence field (the color shaded, Unit: 10-6 s-1) and wind field (vectors, Unit: m·s-1) (a、b、c、d); 500 hPa geopotential height field (black contours, Unit: dagpm), temperature field (red isolines, Unit: ℃), and wind field (vectors, Unit: m·s-1), along with spatial distribution of the RHEP frequency (colour dots, Unit: times) (e、f、g、h); 700 hPa geopotential height field (contours, Unit: dagpm), vertically integrated water vapor flux divergence from the near-surface to 500 hPa (the color shaded, Unit: 10-5 kg·m-2·s-1), and wind field (vectors, Unit: m·s-1) (i、j、k、l); 850 hPa geopotential height field (contours, Unit: dagpm), vertically integrated water vapor flux from the near-surface to 500 hPa (the color shaded, Unit: kg·m-1·s-1), and wind field (vectors, Unit: m·s-1) (m、n、o、p)

(★ denotes the location with the highest frequency of RHEP occurrence, the gray shaded denotes topography, the black frame denotes the boundary of the study area south of the Qinling Mountains)


S2型200 hPa南亚高压位置偏南,南亚高压东北侧边缘附近风场为分流型辐散场,研究区东部辐散较强[图5(b)]。S2型500 hPa环流形势与S1型相似,但内蒙古附近低压槽更深厚,其附近的温度槽中心低于-14 ℃,此类环流型有利于槽后冷空气向降水区输送;而内蒙古冷槽后冷空气扩散南下,有利于研究区内低压槽的维持[图5(f)]。700 hPa内蒙古西部低压槽呈东北—西南向;与S1型相比,此类RHEP发生时四川东部也存在切变,但切变东侧沿副高外围的偏南气流更强,近地面至500 hPa垂直积分水汽通量散度较低的负值区主要位于切变东侧的偏南气流区[图5(j)]。850 hPa从广西至湖北为一致的西南气流水汽输送带[图5(n)]。

S3型秦岭南部上空200 hPa南亚高压东北侧边缘附近为分流辐散区,辐散值较低[图5(c)]。500 hPa内蒙古附近为高压脊控制,研究区584 dagpm等值线附近伴有低压槽和风场切变[图5(g)]。700 hPa从广西至湖北为较一致的西南气流,研究区西部存在气旋式环流,东部存在风速辐合,两处分别形成近地面至500 hPa垂直积分水汽通量散度低值负中心[图5(k)]。850 hPa来自南海的偏南气流向北伸展,携带暖湿气流向北输送,在湖南和贵州一带分两支,西支气流遇山后出现气旋性偏转,东支气流前方形成风速辐合区,分别对应两个RHEP高频区[图5(o)]。

S4型200 hPa南亚高压位置偏北偏西,研究区西部为辐散高值区[图5(d)]。500 hPa内蒙古西部以北至四川北部受低压槽影响,副高北界位于37°N附近,与其西侧的低值系统相互对峙,形成“东高西低”的环流形势[图5(h)],副高西侧的暖湿气流与槽后干冷空气在研究区西部汇合,有利于降水发生(陈蕾等,2018)。700 hPa沿副高外围的偏南气流与沿青藏高原东侧南下的偏北气流形成切变,研究区西部近地面至500 hPa垂直积分水汽通量散度小于-150×10-5 kg·m-2·s-1,为明显水汽辐合区[图5(l)]。850 hPa从广西至四川东部为较一致的偏南气流[图5(p)]。S4型水汽辐合和水汽输送的大值中心均位于青藏高原东侧,高值水汽输送在山前迎风坡一带汇集,为RHEP提供了充沛的水汽供应。

综上所述,秦岭北部3类环流型和秦岭南部4类环流型上空200 hPa均受南亚高压边缘附近分流型辐散场影响。秦岭北部N1型和秦岭南部S1、S2、S4型,500 hPa温度槽落后于高度槽,温度槽与高度槽后部西北气流形成明显的交角,且中低层低压槽切变后部西北气流与副高外围偏南气流对峙,阻挡高原南下冷空气,促使暖湿气流抬升。影响秦岭北部N1型和秦岭南部S2型的低压槽呈东北—西南向,RHEP主要分布于低压槽切变前侧;影响秦岭南部S1和S4型的低压槽呈准南北向,RHEP集中分布于低压槽切变底部。秦岭北部N2型和秦岭南部S3型500 hPa中高纬以偏西气流为主,冷平流较弱,RHEP高频区分布于低压槽切变的底部气流辐合区和前部偏南气流风速辐合区。秦岭北部N3型,副高位置明显偏北,RHEP高频区集中分布于水汽输送高值带前方的风速辐合区。

2.2 位势高度和风场异常

秦岭北部和南部的各环流型在200 hPa南亚高压控制区域位势高度均为正距平,在500 hPa副高影响区域位势高度均为正距平,其中N3和S4副高影响区域的位势高度正距平较大,副高位置偏西偏北,且副高外围有显著的异常东南气流,有利于引导水汽向西北输送(图略)。

秦岭北部N1、N3型和秦岭南部S1、S4型700 hPa副高影响区域表现为大范围位势高度异常偏高(图6),其他环流型与之相似(图略),且副高外围为西南[图6(a)(c)]、偏南[图6(d)]或东南风[图6(b)]异常,其中N1、S1和S4型青藏高原东北侧均存在的异常偏北气流,N2和S2型与之相似(图略),有利于北方南下的冷空气与副高外围暖湿气流交汇,从而产生RHEP。各环流型850 hPa位势高度场和风场异常与700 hPa相似(图略)。

图6

图6   秦岭北部N1(a)、N3(b)RHEP环流型和秦岭南部S1(c)、S4(d)RHEP环流型700 hPa位势高度(等值线,单位:dagpm)、位势高度距平(填色,单位:dagpm)和风场距平(箭矢,单位:m·s-1

(打点区表示通过置信水平为95%的显著性检验,黑色和红色方框分别表示秦岭北部和南部边界)

Fig.6   The 700 hPa geopotential height (contours, Unit: dagpm), geopotential height anomalies (the color shaded, Unit: dagpm), and wind field anomalies (vectors, Unit: m·s-1) of the N1 (a) and N3 (b) RHEP circulation patterns in the study area north of the Qinling Mountains as well as the S1 (c) and S4 (d) RHEP circulation patterns in the study area south of the Qinling Mountains

(The dotted areas passed the significance test at the 95% confidence level, the black and red frames denote the boundaries of the study areas north and south of the Qinling Mountains, respectively)


2.3 水汽条件诊断

图7是秦岭北部N1、N3环流型和秦岭南部S1、S4环流型近地面至300 hPa垂直积分的平均水汽通量场。从秦岭北部N1型和秦岭南部S1型看到来自阿拉伯海的水汽在孟加拉湾分流,其中一支向东输送的过程中,在华南与来自南海的水汽汇合,之后继续向北输送[图7(a)(c)],N2、S2和S3型与之相同(图略)。秦岭北部N3型是来自阿拉伯海的水汽向东输送途中得到孟加拉湾、南海的水汽补充,与来自西太平洋、东海的水汽在华东汇合,之后继续向西北输送至秦岭北部[图7(b)]。秦岭南部S4型是来自阿拉伯海的水汽向东输送,经孟加拉湾和南海,与来自西太平洋的水汽在华南汇合后继续向秦岭南部区域输送[图7(d)]。

图7

图7   秦岭北部N1(a)、N3(b)RHEP环流型和秦岭南部S1(c)、S4(d)RHEP环流型近地面至300 hPa垂直积分平均水汽通量(矢量,单位:kg·m-1·s-1

(黑色和红色方框分别表示秦岭北部和南部边界)

Fig.7   Vertically integrated mean water vapor flux from near the surface to 300 hPa (vectors, Unit: kg·m-1·s-1) of the N1 (a) and N3 (b) RHEP circulation patterns in the study area north of the Qinling Mountains as well as the S1 (c) and S4 (d) RHEP circulation patterns in the study area south of the Qinling Mountains

(The black and red frames denote the boundaries of the study areas north and south of the Qinling Mountains, respectively)


计算各边界的水汽收支(各边界正值为输出,负值为输入),分析近地面至700 hPa(对流层低层)、700~500 hPa(对流层中层)、500~300 hPa(对流层高层)的水汽收支特征。由表1可知,总体上,对流层中低层水汽输入更多;秦岭北部N1和N2型对流层低层和中层南边界水汽输入最大,其中N2型水汽输入值更高;N3型对流层中低层东边界和南边界水汽输入较多,东边界低层水汽输入值更大。秦岭南部4类环流型对流层低层和中层南边界水汽输入更大,其中S4型水汽输入值更高;秦岭南部4类环流型对流层低层南边界水汽输入值明显高于秦岭北部3类环流型。

表1   秦岭北部和南部边界不同RHEP环流型水汽收支情况

Tab.1  Water vapor budgets of different RHEP circulation patterns at the boundaries of the study areas north and south of the Qinling Mountains

环流型东边界南边界西边界北边界
低层中层高层低层中层高层低层中层高层低层中层高层
N11.5220.7211.83-50.28-24.05-3.96-1.27-8.54-8.741.35-2.524.72
N215.1028.6513.27-79.15-34.14-0.80-0.84-5.10-12.62-6.89-4.602.20
N3-73.05-15.971.54-35.22-16.29-2.684.703.97-0.2452.0713.240.97
S146.3525.626.09-111.89-39.130.0700.97-4.21-8.33-5.07-0.16
S224.5927.7111.23-93.72-38.77-0.740-0.04-7.86-11.16-10.341.25
S310.1718.985.73-120.75-46.590.340-2.39-4.1126.2313.430.06
S48.601.40-0.59-146.4-59.12-2.550-1.64-4.9964.0249.8613.26

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2.4 RHEP的物理量特征

秦岭北部区域,N1型RHEP高频中心位于青藏高原东侧的秦岭北坡,中低层偏北气流携带冷空气沿青藏高原东缘下滑,与偏南气流在RHEP高频中心附近中低层形成低压槽切变,从中层至低层呈后倾结构,低层冷平流楔入暖平流之下,107°E附近上升运动负值中心小于-0.4 Pa·s-1[图8(a)],冷空气从底层楔入不但与暖湿气流汇合产生辐合上升,且抬升暖湿气流使上升运动加强(杨晓霞等,2010)。秦岭以北受偏北气流影响,秦岭附近存在中心小于-1.5×10-5 s-1的辐合区,560 hPa至近地面相对湿度大于80%[图8(d)],秦岭以北RHEP高频中心附近最大地形强迫垂直速度[具体计算公式参考徐燚等(2019)文献]小于-0.1 Pa·s-1[图9(b)],低层切变和地形抬升均有利于上升运动发展和暖湿气流向上输送。

图8

图8   秦岭北部3类RHEP环流型风场(风矢,单位:m·s-1)、温度平流(填色,单位:10-5 ℃·s-1)和垂直速度(绿色虚线,单位:Pa·s-1)沿RHEP发生频次最大值位置的经度-高度剖面(a、b、c),经向风-垂直速度合成(垂直速度扩大了100倍,矢量,单位:m·s-1)、散度(填色,单位:10-5 s-1)与相对湿度(绿色等值线,单位:%)沿RHEP发生频次最大值位置的纬度-高度剖面(d、e、f)

(★为各类环流型RHEP发生频次最大值位置,灰色阴影为地形)

Fig.8   Longitude-height cross-sections (a, b, c) of the wind field (vectors, Unit: m·s-1), temperature advection (the color shaded, Unit: 10-5 ℃·s-1), and vertical velocity (green dashed lines, Unit: Pa·s-1), and latitude-height cross-sections (d, e, f) of the synthesis of meridional wind-vertical velocity (the vertical velocity is magnified by 100 times, vectors, Unit: m·s-1), divergence (the color shaded, Unit: 10-5 s-1), and relative humidity (green isolines, Unit: %) along the location of the maximum RHEP occurrence frequency of the three RHEP circulation types over the study area north of the Qinling Mountains

(★ indicates the location of the maximum RHEP occurrence frequency for each circulation pattern, the gray shaded represents terrain)


图9

图9   秦岭北部3类RHEP环流型RHEP发生频次最大值位置的地形强迫垂直速度沿经度(a)和纬度(b)的变化

Fig. 9   The variation of terrain-forced vertical velocity along longitude (a) and latitude (b) at the locations with maximum RHEP occurrence frequency of the three RHEP circulation patterns over the study area north of the Qinling Mountains


N2型RHEP高频中心位于青藏高原东侧秦岭以北,RHEP高频中心附近低层切变呈后倾结构,低层冷平流楔入暖平流之下,103°E附近上升运动负值中心小于-0.4 Pa·s-1[图8(b)]。与N1型相比,秦岭以北也受偏北气流影响,但偏北气流更强,秦岭附近存在中心小于-1.5×10-5 s-1的辐合区,500 hPa至近地面相对湿度大于80%[图8(e)]。沿经度和纬度RHEP高频中心附近最大地形强迫垂直速度均小于-0.3 Pa·s-1[图9(a)(b)]。

N3型RHEP高频中心位于秦岭以东太行山以南,其上空400 hPa以下以东南或偏南气流为主,900 hPa附近存在中心大于6×10-5 ℃·s-1的强盛暖平流,RHEP高频区上空负值小于-0.6 Pa·s-1的上升运动区域伸展至500 hPa以上[图8(c)];太行山以南存在中心小于-6×10-5 s-1的辐合区,560 hPa以下相对湿度大于88%[图8(f)],秦岭和太行山地形对东南气流输送至RHEP高频区的暖湿气流起阻挡作用,使暖湿空气在地形迎风坡一侧汇聚,且偏东风遇地形抬升。沿经度RHEP高频中心附近最大地形强迫垂直速度小于-0.1 Pa·s-1[图9(a)]。

秦岭南部区域,S1型RHEP高频中心位于青藏高原东侧的四川盆地西部,500 hPa以下的低压槽切变也呈后倾结构,低层沿青藏高原东侧山脉至山底为冷平流,其上为暖平流,山前冷空气楔入暖湿空气底部,有利于暖湿空气被迫抬升;RHEP高频中心附近上空形成中心小于-0.8 Pa·s-1的上升运动区[图10(a)];30°N盆地附近低层为强中心小于-4.5×10-5 s-1的辐合区,可能与盆地地形有利于进入地形区内的偏南气流辐合增强有关,500 hPa以下相对湿度大于80%[图10(e)];沿经度和纬度RHEP高频中心附近最大地形强迫垂直速度分别小于-0.3 Pa·s-1和-0.1 Pa·s-1[图11(a)(b)]。

图10

图10   秦岭南部4类RHEP环流型风场(风矢,单位:m·s-1)、温度平流(填色,单位:10-5 ℃·s-1)和垂直速度(绿色虚线,单位:Pa·s-1)沿RHEP发生频次最大值位置的经度-高度剖面(a、b、c、d),经向风-垂直速度合成(垂直速度扩大了100倍,矢量,单位:m·s-1)、散度(填色,单位:10-5 s-1)与相对湿度(绿色等值线,单位:%)沿RHEP发生频次最大值位置的纬度-高度剖面(e、f、g、h)

(★为各类环流型RHEP发生频次最大值位置,灰色阴影为地形)

Fig.10   Longitude-height cross-sections (a, b, c, d) of the wind field (vectors, Unit: m·s-1), temperature advection (the color shaded, Unit: 10-5 ℃·s-1), and vertical velocity (green dashed lines, Unit: Pa·s-1), and latitude-height cross-sections (e, f, g, h) of the synthesis of meridional wind-vertical velocity (the vertical velocity is magnified by 100 times, vectors, Unit: m·s-1), divergence (the color shaded, Unit: 10-5 s-1), and relative humidity (green isolines, Unit: %) along the location of the maximum RHEP occurrence frequency of the four RHEP circulation types over the study area south of the Qinling Mountains

(★ indicates the location of the maximum RHEP occurrence frequency for each circulation pattern, the gray shaded represents terrain)


图11

图11   秦岭南部4类RHEP环流型RHEP发生频次最大值位置的地形强迫垂直速度沿经度(a)和纬度(b)的变化

Fig. 11   The variation of terrain-forced vertical velocity along longitude (a) and latitude (b) at the locations with maximum RHEP occurrence frequency of the four RHEP circulation patterns over the study area south of the Qinling Mountains


S2型RHEP高频中心位于中低层低压槽切变东侧的巫山附近,其上空500 hPa以下以偏南气流为主,800 hPa存在中心大于3×10-5 ℃·s-1的暖平流[图10(b)];低层切变附近600 hPa以下为散度小于-1.5×10-5 s-1的辐合区,切变前方迎风坡,偏南气流与地形交汇区域上空存在上升运动,RHEP高频中心附近上空500 hPa以下相对湿度大于80%[图10(f)];沿纬度RHEP高频中心附近最大地形强迫垂直速度小于-0.1 Pa·s-1[图11(b)]。

S3型RHEP高频中心位于巫山东侧,中低层主要受偏南气流影响,迎风坡地形前方低层存在强盛暖平流,温度平流中心强度大于6×10-5 ℃·s-1[图10(c)];RHEP高频中心位于迎风坡地形前方偏南气流区,800 hPa以下相对湿度大于88%[图10(g)],有利的地形增强低层暖湿气流辐合上升(杨晓霞等,2013);RHEP高频中心附近地形强迫垂直速度沿经度和纬度均为负值[图11(a)(b)]。

S4型RHEP高频中心位于青藏高原东侧边缘四川盆地西部,青藏高原东侧低层有较强的暖平流[图10(d)],RHEP高频中心附近500 hPa以下相对湿度大于88%[图10(h)],低层暖湿空气在盆地形成辐合,有利于上升运动发展,上升运动强中心出现在青藏高原东麓,大地形对山前的暖湿空气起到了动力阻挡抬升和热力抬升作用(汪小康等,2022),RHEP高频中心附近最大地形强迫垂直速度沿经度小于-0.6 Pa·s-1[图11(a)]。

合成T-ln P分析显示秦岭北部N1型400 hPa以下为近V型结构,CAPE值为461.19 J·kg-1,能量条件相对较好[图12(a)];与N1型相比,N2型对流层中层温度露点差更小,可降水量更大(图略);N3型整层露点温度与温度接近,大气趋于饱和[图12(b)]。秦岭南部S1型整层温度露点差较小,可降水量相对较大(图略);S2型400 hPa以下为近V型结构,可降水量相对较低[图12(c)];S3与S2型相似(图略);S4型为整层高湿结构,可降水量较高[图12(d)]。各环流型CIN值均较低,表明较弱强迫抬升可使气块达到自由对流高度(郑永光等,2017);K指数均大于37 ℃,大气明显不稳定(仇娟娟和何立富,2013)。

图12

图12   秦岭北部N1(a)、N3(b)和秦岭南部S2(c)、S4(d)RHEP环流型合成T-ln P

(红色曲线为环境温度,绿色曲线为环境露点温度,黑色曲线为气块温度,黑色圆点为抬升凝结高度)

Fig.12   Composite T-ln P diagram of RHEP circulation patterns N1 (a) and N3 (b) over the study area north of the Qinling Mountains, as well as S2 (c) and S4 (d) over the study area south of the Qinling Mountains

(The red curve is environmental temperature, the green curve is environmental dew point temperature, the black curve is parcel temperature, the black dot is lifting condensation level)


3 结论

基于秦岭及周边地区2008—2025年6—8月逐小时降水数据和ERA5再分析资料,研究该区域夏季RHEP的典型环流型,秦岭北部主导环流型为N1、N2、N3三类,秦岭南部为S1、S2、S3、S4四类,进一步分析各环流型的环流特征、水汽输送特征和热力动力条件,主要得到以下结论。

1)秦岭北部3类和秦岭南部4类RHEP环流型的环流特征表现为200 hPa存在分流型辐散场,中低层存在短波槽、切变线或风速辐合。副高外围气流向秦岭及周边输送充沛水汽,并在极端降水区形成明显辐合。秦岭山地及其周边复杂地形通过阻挡、抬升和辐合效应,促进低层暖湿气流爬坡上升,并与中低层切变和风速辐合叠加,增强垂直运动,是造成RHEP频发的重要原因。

2)秦岭北部3类和秦岭南部4类RHEP环流型对流层中低层副高影响区域表现为大范围位势高度异常偏高,且对流层低层副高外围为西南、偏南或东南风异常,其中N1、N2、S1、S2和S4青藏高原东北侧均存在异常偏北风,有利于北方南下的冷空气与副高外围暖湿气流交汇,从而产生RHEP。

3)水汽条件是区域极端降水发生的关键前提。秦岭北部和南部区域,除N3型是对流层低层东边界水汽输入更强,其他环流型普遍表现为对流层中低层南边界水汽输入强。阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾、南海、西太平洋及东海等共同构成主要水汽源区,多源水汽汇合后向秦岭周边地区输送,为RHEP提供了充沛的水汽供应。

4)各类环流型RHEP高频中心普遍具有较高K指数、较低CIN和较充足的可降水量,表明大气明显不稳定、湿度条件良好,较弱的抬升机制即可触发对流发展。

本文重点分析了环流特征,N1和S1型分别为秦岭北部和南部区域比例最高环流型,青藏高原东侧秦岭北坡为N1环流型RHEP高频中心,青藏高原东侧四川盆地西部为S1环流型RHEP高频中心,区域极端降水在此类环流型天气预报中,建议重点关注。由于缺乏长时间序列逐小时地面观测数据,目前仅能对2008年以来数据进行分析,后续可应用多源融合降水产品、高密度区域站降水等资料继续开展验证。同时,地形强迫垂直速度为线性地形抬升近似,适用于大尺度稳定降水,在强对流、非线性地形作用明显的情况下可能低估实际抬升,后续可利用高分辨率模式(如WRF)进行有无秦岭地形的对比数值模拟试验。关于秦岭周边极端降水的中小尺度特征、不同环流型如何协同中小尺度系统共同形成极端降水、地形复杂的热力和动力效应与降水微物理过程相互作用机理仍有待继续深入研究。

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In this study, synoptic situations associated with extreme hourly precipitation over China are investigated using rain gauge data, weather maps, and composite radar reflectivity data. Seasonal variations of hourly precipitation (>0.1 mm h−1) suggest complicated regional features in the occurrence frequency and intensity of rainfall. The 99.9th percentile is thus used as the threshold to define the extreme hourly rainfall for each station. The extreme rainfall is the most intense over the south coastal areas and the North China Plain. About 77% of the extreme rainfall records occur in summer with a peak in July (30.4%) during 1981–2013.

NIE Y B, SUN J Q, 2021.

Synoptic-scale circulation precursors of extreme precipitation events over southwest China during the rainy season

[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126(13): e2021JD035134. DOI:10.1029/2021JD035134.

[本文引用: 1]

ROUHI A, BOUYER A, ARASTEH B, et al, 2024.

Two-pronged feature reduction in spectral clustering with optimized landmark selection

[J]. Applied Soft Computing, 161: 111775. DOI:10.1016/j.asoc.2024.111775.

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SHAO Y T, MU X M, HE Y, et al, 2019.

Spatiotemporal variations of extreme precipitation events at multi-time scales in the Qinling-Daba mountains region, China

[J]. Quaternary International, 525: 89-102.

[本文引用: 1]

SUN Q H, ZHANG X B, ZWIERS F, et al, 2021.

A global, continental, and regional analysis of changes in extreme precipitation

[J]. Journal of Climate, 34(1): 243-258.

[本文引用: 1]

This paper provides an updated analysis of observed changes in extreme precipitation using high-quality station data up to 2018. We examine changes in extreme precipitation represented by annual maxima of 1-day (Rx1day) and 5-day (Rx5day) precipitation accumulations at different spatial scales and attempt to address whether the signal in extreme precipitation has strengthened with several years of additional observations. Extreme precipitation has increased at about two-thirds of stations and the percentage of stations with significantly increasing trends is significantly larger than that can be expected by chance for the globe, continents including Asia, Europe, and North America, and regions including central North America, eastern North America, northern Central America, northern Europe, the Russian Far East, eastern central Asia, and East Asia. The percentage of stations with significantly decreasing trends is not different from that expected by chance. Fitting extreme precipitation to generalized extreme value distributions with global mean surface temperature (GMST) as a covariate reaffirms the statistically significant connections between extreme precipitation and temperature. The global median sensitivity, percentage change in extreme precipitation per 1 K increase in GMST is 6.6% (5.1% to 8.2%; 5%–95% confidence interval) for Rx1day and is slightly smaller at 5.7% (5.0% to 8.0%) for Rx5day. The comparison of results based on observations ending in 2018 with those from data ending in 2000–09 shows a consistent median rate of increase, but a larger percentage of stations with statistically significant increasing trends, indicating an increase in the detectability of extreme precipitation intensification, likely due to the use of longer records.

TANG Y, HUANG A N, WU P L, et al, 2021.

Drivers of summer extreme precipitation events over East China

[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 48(11): e2021GL093670. DOI:10.1029/2021GL093670.

[本文引用: 1]

WANG L Y, CHEN S F, ZHU W B, et al, 2021.

Spatiotemporal variations of extreme precipitation and its potential driving factors in China’s North-South Transition Zone during 1960-2017

[J]. Atmospheric Research, 252: 105429. DOI:10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105429.

[本文引用: 1]

XIANG Y, LI Z L, WU Y X, et al, 2023.

Spatiotemporal characteristics of hourly-scale extreme precipitation in the Sichuan Basin and its impact on normalized difference vegetation index values

[J]. Atmosphere, 14(12): 1719. DOI:10.3390/atmos14121719.

[本文引用: 1]

This study harnesses ground observation data collected between 1980 and 2021 and ERA5 hourly data to thoroughly implement trend and correlation analysis techniques to explore the spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of daily and hourly extreme precipitation in the Sichuan Basin. The investigation delineates these characteristics and probes into the potential triggers of extreme hourly rainstorms. The findings unveil the following: (1) A general increase in extreme rainfall volume, contribution rate, intensity, and dispersion, along with a decline in frequency and proportion of rainstorm areas, indicating the concentration of daily-scale severe rainstorms. The basin’s edge receives more precipitation than the bottom, exhibiting latitudinal variations. (2) The northernmost mountainous regions have less frequent, less intense rainstorms influenced by terrain, whereas the northeastern region experiences more frequent, dispersed rainstorms. (3) Extreme hourly rainstorms predominantly occur at night, with rainfall amount, intensity, and frequency declining at 21:00 compared to 19:00. (4) Summer experiences the highest risk of extreme rainstorms, with annual and monthly datasets displaying a rising trend in the frequency, dispersion, and intensity of intense hourly rainstorms. (5) Peak values of extreme hourly rainstorms are growing, with two distinct periods for their frequency: 1:00–9:00 and 10:00–24:00, with an increase in the former and a decrease in the latter. (6) Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values ascend from southwest to northeast within the basin on a ten-day scale, correlating with the distribution of hourly extreme precipitation.

XU X K, HUANG A N, HUANG D Q, et al, 2023.

What are the dominant synoptic patterns leading to the summer regional hourly extreme precipitation events over central-eastern Tibetan Plateau and Sichuan Basin?

[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 50(5): e2022GL102342. DOI:10.1029/2022GL102342.

[本文引用: 2]

YU Y X, XU X K, YAN Q, et al, 2025.

Characteristics of regional hourly extreme precipitation with different durations over the Northeast Plain, China during summer

[J]. Earth and Space Science, 12(2):e2024EA003973. DOI:10.1029/2024EA003973.

[本文引用: 2]

ZENG J W, HUANG A N, WU P L, et al, 2023.

Typical synoptic patterns responsible for summer regional hourly extreme precipitation events over the middle and lower Yangtze River basin, China

[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 50(17): e2023GL104829. DOI:10.1029/2023GL104829.

[本文引用: 3]

ZHAO Y, HUANG A N, KAN M Y, et al, 2020.

Characteristics of hourly extreme precipitation along the Yangtze River Basin, China during warm season

[J]. Scientific Reports, 10: 5613. DOI:10.1038/s41598-020-62535-5.

[本文引用: 2]

Based on the hourly gauge-satellite merged precipitation data with the spatial resolution of 0.1° × 0.1° during 2008-2016, the characteristics of extreme precipitation (EP) diurnal cycle along the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) and their regional and sub-seasonal differences during warm season have been indicated and revealed in this study. Results show that the EP amount (EPA) over most lower reaches of YRB exhibits two diurnal peaks with one in late afternoon and the other in morning, while the EPA over most eastern Tibetan Plateau (the Sichuan Basin and the northern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau) generally peaks during late afternoon to midnight (midnight to early morning). The afternoon (morning) EPA diurnal peaks over the areas east to 110°E is mainly resulted from the short (long) duration EP events. However, both the short and long duration EP events lead to the nocturnal diurnal peaks and eastward propagating features of EPA over the regions west to110°E. The EP events over the Sichuan Basin generally begin at midnight and mostly peak around 03:00-04:00 Beijing time, and they start earlier and end later with the duration time increased. However, the EP events with short (long) duration over the lower reaches of YRB frequently start and peak in afternoon (early morning) and typically end at around 18:00 (07:00-08:00) Beijing time, and they start later (earlier) and end later with the duration time increased. Meanwhile, the EP frequency (EPF) diurnal cycles over the lower reaches of YRB exhibit obvious sub-seasonal differences in warm season, which show only a morning peak in the pre-Meiyu period, two comparable peaks with one in afternoon and the other in morning during the Meiyu period, and a predominant afternoon peak and a secondary morning peak in the post-Meiyu period, respectively. While the EPF over Sichuan Basin characterized by only one dominant early morning peak during all periods of the warm season exhibits much smaller sub-seasonal differences in the diurnal phase relative to that over the lower reaches of YRB.

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