In order to improve the fine defense ability of late frost disaster in the vineyards in the eastern foothills region of the Helan Mountain, the minimum temperature observation data of the vineyards from April to May during 2020-2023 were used to analyze the variation characteristics of minimum temperature, the occurrence frequency and regional distribution characteristics of late frost in the vineyards. Based on the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model forecast products and the actual temperature of grid points in Ningxia, the radial basis function (RBF) neural network algorithm was used to construct the minimum temperature and frost prediction model in the vineyards in the eastern foot of the Helan Mountain. The results show that the light frost was the most common in the vineyards in the eastern foothills region of the Helan Mountain, followed by the medium frost. April was the main month for frost occurrence. The frost in D.F. Yuxing winery appeared most frequently, and the frost in Guanlan winery was the least. The verification results of the minimum temperature and frost forecast show that compared with the ECMWF model, the RBF model has improved the accuracy of the minimum temperature forecast in the Helan, Yongning and Hongsipu production areas, with the highest increase of 33.8%, and the average absolute error reduced by 0.20-1.50 °C. For the single station frost forecast, the RBF model has obvious advantages, the accuracy rate generally increased by 1.0%-14.0%, and the average absolute error reduced by 0.04-0.37 °C. For the average of the production areas, the RBF model has the highest accuracy of frost prediction in the Hongsipu production area, up to 13.0%. In the case analysis of frost, the RBF model has better prediction effect, especially for moderate frost prediction. Compared with the ECMWF model, the accuracy rate increased by 25.0%-50.0%, and the average absolute error reduced by 1.80-2.10 °C.

As an ecologically fragile region, the mass concentration of atmospheric particulate is an important indicator of ecological security. It is of great significance to study its temporal variation and influencing factors for environmental and ecological protection in this region. Based on the surface meteorological data from Gonghe County Meteorological Bureau and PM₁₀ mass concentration data at monitoring site of Hainan Prefecture Ecology and Environment Bureau in Qinghai Province from 2015 to 2020, the variation characteristics of PM₁₀ mass concentration and its influencing factors in the Gonghe Basin are analyzed. The results show that downward trend of PM₁₀ average mass concentration at annual time scale, in spring and winter is significant, while in autumn and summer it is insignificant. The average monthly distribution of PM₁₀ mass concentration presents a bi-modal pattern. In spring, PM₁₀ mass concentration remains high due to the combined influence of southeasterly and northwesterly wind-dominated, by which pollutants is transported horizontally to the Gonghe Basin. In winter when westerly wind prevail, PM₁₀ mass concentration is second. With the arrival of the rainy season in summer and autumn, southeastly wind prevails in the Gonghe Basin, and pollutant horizontal transport weakens, and PM₁₀ mass concentration is low. The monthly average PM₁₀ mass concentration is positively correlated with monthly average wind speed, especially, the PM₁₀ mass concentration reaches the highest in spring when wind speed becomes greater. The cold air activity is the main reason to cause PM₁₀ heavy pollution in the Gonghe Basin, and there are two paths of air mass influencing heavy pollution in the Gonghe Basin, one is from southwest, and the other is from west.

Based on the meteorological data of 8 sets of microclimate monitoring stations in the grape producing area in east foothills region of Helan Mountain and Yinchuan national reference station in 2019, the climate difference between Yinchuan station and the representative station was compared and analyzed, and the vertical changes of meteorological elements at Meiyu Winery were analyzed. The microclimate differences at four wineries in the same climate zone and five sub-regions in different climate zones were analyzed. The results are as follows: (1) Meteorological elements at Meiyu Winery and Yinchuan station in the same region were significantly different. (2) The 10 cm soil temperature fluctuated most and 40 cm soil temperature was most stable on a typical sunny day. The daily average soil temperature on a typical sunny day in autumn and winter increased in the order of 10 cm<20 cm<40 cm, and it decreased in the order of 10 cm>20 cm>40 cm in spring and summer. There was no significant difference of relative humidity in each month, growing seasons and the whole year between 50 cm and 150 cm height. (3) In the same climatic zone, the microclimate was greatly affected by topography, altitude and soil type. The higher the gravel content was, the higher the temperature was; the higher the altitude was, the lower the humidity and the greater the wind speed were. precipitation during the growing season was most at Liushi Winery with a lower altitude in front of the mountain, and it was least at Hennessy Winery. (4) The precipitation, air relative humidity and photosynthetic active radiation gradually decreased, and the temperature gradually increased from south to north in five small winery regions in east foothills region of Helan Mountain.

Dew is an important part of vineyard water cycle, which plays a vital role in the regulation of vineyard microclimate, and it is also a necessary condition for the germination of microbial spores. Based on the hourly meteorological observation data during the growing period of wine grape from April to October at Yinchuan agro-meteorological station from 2003 to 2020 and microclimate station of Meiyu Chateau from 2019 to 2020 and the 10-minute leaf surface temperature data from a typical winery in the same area in June 2019, the leaf temperature and air temperature were compared, firstly. When the dewing temperature was less than leaf surface temperature, the dew occurred. Taking the vineyard of Meiyu Chateau as an example, the temporal variation characteristics of dewing temperature, dewing days, dewing duration and dewing time during the growing period of grape and its influencing factors in vineyards of eastern Helan Mountain area were analyzed. The results show that the monthly dewing temperature from April to October appeared single-peak pattern in vineyards of eastern Helan Mountain area, and it reached the peak in July and the minimum in October. In the past 18 years, the monthly dewing days and duration increased gradually during the growing period, and it was the most (longest) in September, while it was the least (shortest) in April, and their inter-annual changes were obvious. Dewing could occur in the whole day, but it mainly occurred from 17:00 to next 01:00, and the range of dewing time gradually increased from April to October, it was the widest in September and the narrowest in April. The dew point temperature was significantly positive correlated with the minimum temperature and precipitation, the dewing usually occurred before and after rainfall processes and under the low minimum temperature weathers. The pests and diseases had a closely relation with dewing, so when temperature was higher in the evening in September and October, the drying and ventilating was very important for preventing pests and diseases in the vineyard.