China has been engaged in short-term climate prediction for nearly 70 years and was one of the earliest countries in the world to carry out short-term climate prediction and relevant researches. Since March 2021, the National Climate Center (NCC) of China has released officially the climate prediction for the next 15-30 days, months and seasons through its website. Short term climate forecasts are receiving increasing attention from society. In 2013, based on the operational prediction of short-term climate and the previous assessment methods, the Department of Forecasting and Networking of China Meteorological Administration issued a new method to assess operationally the short-term climate prediction. Using this new method, this paper analyzed the evaluation results for monthly climate prediction products during 1971-2020 released by the NCC. The results show that the prediction scores are lower in the winter half year than in the summer half year both for monthly temperature anomaly and precipitation anomaly percentage. The forecast skill of monthly temperature anomaly has been improved significantly in recent 50 years. The anomaly correlation coefficient between the forecast and observation of monthly temperature anomaly are positive in most parts of China throughout the year, except for December. The prediction level of monthly precipitation anomaly percentage in China in 50 years shows a trend of decreasing first and then increasing, especially in the past 30 years, it shows a relatively stable upward trend. The distribution of correlations between precipitation forecast and observation has three main patterns, which is much more complex than that of temperature, suggesting that the precipitation forecast is more challenging than temperature forecast.

Since the launch of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite in February 2014, it has provided the foundation for three-dimensional observations of precipitation in high latitudes. The four precipitation products retrieved by the double-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) carried by the GPM satellite can provide a reference for precipitation research in middle and high latitude regions. In this paper, four kinds of precipitation products (Ka_HS, Ka_MS, Ku_NS and DPR_MS) provided by GPM DPR are used to analyze the precipitation structural characteristics of two different types of precipitation weather processes in northeast China and explore the differences in macro and micro characteristics of precipitation, then the performance differences among four precipitation products are further compared. The results show that the spatial distribution of spring stratiform precipitation in northeast China is extensive, the precipitation intensity of most samples is less than 4.00 mm·h^-1, and the cloud system develops relatively gently. While the precipitation intensity distribution of mixed precipitation in summer is highly uneven, the development in the vertical direction is relatively strong, and the echo top height can reach 12 km. The Ka_MS precipitation product has apparent flaws in precipitation intensity, echo top height and precipitation type classification. The Ka_HS precipitation product can detect more weak precipitation samples but it will also experience severe attenuation when the rain intensity is high. The Ku_NS precipitation product has better detection capabilities and can provide reliable echo top heights and precipitation type classification. The DPR_MS precipitation product has an independent performance. For weak precipitation intensity less than 0.50 mm·h^-1, it has a good correlation with the Ka_HS product, and for precipitation intensity greater than 1.00 mm·h^-1, it has a good consistency with the Ku_NS product. In addition, the DPR_MS product has the most reasonable results about the vertical structure of precipitation and the raindrop spectrum.

Abstract: Based on the cloud product of CERES (clouds and earth’s radiant energy system) Aqua Edition 4A SSF (single scanner footprint) data and hourly precipitation observation data, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of micro- and macro-scopic cloud parameters in Liaoning Province (38.5°N-43.5°N, 118.5°E-126°E) were analyzed. In addition, the correlation between cloud parameters and rainfall intensities was studied and the precipitation identification indexes based on COD (cloud optical depth) and CWP ( cloud water path ) were established. The results show that cloud developed more vigorous in summer, and the average of CF (cloud fraction), COD, CTH (cloud top height) and CWP reached as high as 62.7%, 17.9, 6.5 km and 252.1 g·m-2, respectively, but in winter they were 48.3%, 7.0, 3.4 km and 106.2 g·m-2, respectively. Only ER ( the effective radius ) of cloud particles reached the maximum in winter. Due to the influence of terrain, the generation condition of cloud in the east (east of 122°E ) of Liaoning was better than that in the west (west of 122°E). Except the CTH was higher in the western part of Liaoning Province, all the other cloud parameters were lower than that in the eastern part. The CF, COD, CWP and ER of particles all increased with rainfall intensities, while CTP ( cloud top pressure) and CTT ( cloud top temperature) showed opposite trend, indicating that the stronger the precipitation was, the thicker cloud layer was, the higher water content was and the larger particle size was. COD and CWP were selected as the precipitating cloud identification factors for its higher correlation coefficients with precipitation intensities. Based on the score of TS (threat score) and HSS (Heidke skill score), 35 and 415 g·m-2 for COD and CWP was selected, corresponding to the maximum TS and HSS scores.

:Respiratory diseases greatly affected children’s health, and its occurrence was related to meteorological conditions closely. In order to analyze the effects of meteorological conditions on children’s lower respiratory diseases in Qinhuangdao, predict the number of patients and provide new method for medical meteorological service, the data of children with lower respiratory diseases from 2015 to 2016 and the meteorological data within the same time were used, prediction models were established by stepwise regression analysis and BP artificial neutral network separately, and the prediction effects were evaluated. The results show that the meteorological conditions, especially the staged weather changes and climate anomalies, had a significant effect on the patients’ number with these diseases. The number of patients was negatively correlated with air temperature and average relative humidity, and positively correlated with air pressure, wind speed and temperature fluctuation in 72 hours, and good correlation was showed between patient number and air temperature, followed by air pressure and average relative humidity. The prediction accuracy of the stepwise regression model and BP artificial neural network model was 72.75% and 76.30%, respectively. Between the two models established, the overall performance of BP artificial neural network model was better.

A new networkmonitoring system formeteorologicaldata collecting and sending is designed and implemented based onmetadata technique.To a greatextent, the system solved the problem ofmeteorologicaldata transfer from observation station to the provincial meteorological bureau, and to nationalmeteorological administration through amethod of automated real-timemonitoring. System fully took into account the various types ofmeteorologicaldata transmission characteristics (frequency ofobservation, transmission time limitations, file naming, etc. ) and provided awide range ofdata displaymode. In addition tomonitoring transmission time, transmission type, transmission station, timing diagrams, GISmap, the system also providedmultiple functions such as voice alarm forabnormaldata, SMS notification and transmission quality statistics and evaluation. Through trial operation in the actual operations, the system obtained a very good effectand greatly reduce the staff’sworkload. At the same time, the system’s stability, scalability and function features have been tested and are shown as an outstanding performance. The results of trial operation also showed that the system could
meet currentmeteorological operation and provide a good interface for the future expansion.

We put forward a scheme of satellite communication and meteorological information transmission which fits to remote weather stations including high mountain stations. PES 5000(PERSONAL EARTH STATION) was used for satellite communication system(SCS) in the scheme, and 24-port switch and WIN2000 as router were used for LAN. On the base of it, we set up LOTUS server for transmitting information and developed a set of information transmission system, and meteorological data can be derived from China Meteorological Administration by it. The project fits to remote meteorological stations, and it has been successfully put into practice at Mazongshan weather station of Gansu province.

Based on C + + BUILDER 6. 0 software exploiting tool，the Sandstorm Information Collection and Transmission System was built. The system can carry out transmission of sandstorm data and other meteorological information at regular time or in handwork by the interface with flexible parameter settings under windows operation system. The software compiling of second transmission of information under SCO UNIX operation system was finished，it can transmit sandstorm data and other information from provincial meteorological bureau to Chinese Meteorological Administration（CMA），especially it can transmit long - name files，which resolved the problem in 9210 Operation Applying Software（national meteorological information transmission software in China）

In this paper,.the spatial and temporal characteristics of drought in China are the analyzed. On the basis of the main factors of the influence of China climate anomaly .the causes of drought are also studied.  It is shown that the causes of formation are mostly the
global and regional climate warming .the inter一annual and decadal oscillation of the main factors.