Improvement of the Land Surface Model SHAW and Simulation Analysis in the Loess Plateau

doi:10．11755/j．issn．1006－7639(2014)－04－0527

Abstract

Abstract:

A key problem in the land surface simulation study is accurately modeling the surface energy budget．But the turbulent heat flux simulated by current land surface models was remarkable deviated from the observations．Therefore，parameterizing the surface turbulent heat transport process is vital for improving land surface simulation ability． In this study，land surface model SHAW is employed，by improving the thermal roughness parameterization schemes and introducing dry surface layer evaporation schemes to improve the turbulent heat flux simulation．By using the data obtained at SACOL site in Loess Plateau and the modified SHAW model，a single point simulation is studied． Simultaneously，the SHAW model simulations are compared to investigate the effect of the modified parameterization schemes．Results suggest that the modified model can well simulate all the change tendency of the land surface characteristics in semi－arid region，the bias was small between simulations and observations．Compared with the original SHAW model，the modified model significantly improved the turbulent heat flux simulation，and better simulated net radiation，but the simulated soil temperature and moisture were not obviously improved，this maybe attribute to the water and heat transfer process and parameterization schemes related in the soil layers and need to study in the future．

Key words: SHAW model, turbulent heat flux, Loess Plateau, SACOL site

摘要：

陆面过程模拟研究中的一个关键问题是如何准确的计算陆气间能量交换，但现有的陆面过程模式模拟的湍流通量与观测值间仍然存在较大偏差，因此改进湍流通量的参数化方案对于提高陆面过程模式模拟能力有重要意义。本研究通过改进陆面过程模式SHAW中的热力粗糙度方案，以及引入干表层蒸发方案，以期改善湍流通量的模拟能力在此基础上利用黄土高原半干旱区SACOL站观测资料，进行模式改进前后的单点模拟对比试验，研究其参数化方案改进对陆面过程模拟的影响。结果表明：改进后的SHAW模式能够合理地模拟黄土高原半干旱区陆面特征的变化趋势，模拟值与观测值偏差较小与原来的SHAW模式模拟结果相比，改进后的SHAW_MOD模式显著提高了湍流通量的模拟能力，并改善了净辐射和深层土壤温度的模拟，但对土壤湿度的改进并不明显，这可能与土壤内部水热传输过程及相关参数化方案有关，还有待做进一步研究。

关键词: SHAW模式, 湍流通量, 黄土高原, SACOL站

CLC Number:

P435

YANG Qidong，WANG Lijuan. Improvement of the Land Surface Model SHAW and Simulation Analysis in the Loess Plateau[J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, DOI: 10．11755/j．issn．1006－7639(2014)－04－0527.

杨启东，王丽娟. SHAW模式的改进及其在黄土高原半干旱区的模拟研究[J]. 干旱气象, DOI: 10．11755/j．issn．1006－7639(2014)－04－0527.

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［８］胡隐樵，高由禧，王介民，等．黑河实验（ＨＥＩＦＥ）的一些研究成

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［９］张强，胡向军，王胜，等．黄土高原陆面过程试验研究（ＬＯＰＥＸ）

有关科学问题［Ｊ］．地球科学进展，２００９，２４（４）：３６３－３６９．

［１０］ＨｕａｎｇＪ，ＺｈａｎｇＷ，ＺｕｏＪ，ｅｔａｌ．ＡｎＯｖｅｒｖｉｅｗｏｆｔｈｅＳｅｍｉ－ａｒｉｄ

ＣｌｉｍａｔｅａｎｄＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＯｂｓｅｒｖａｔｏｒｙｏｖｅｒｔｈｅＬｏｅｓｓＰｌａｔ

ｅａｕ［Ｊ］．ＡｄｖａｎｃｅｓｉｎＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，２００８，２５（６）：９０６－

９２１．

［１１］刘辉志，董文杰，符淙斌，等．半干旱地区吉林通榆 “ 干旱化和

有序人类活动 ” 长期观测实验［Ｊ］．气候与环境研究，２００４，９

（２）：３７８－３８９．

［１２］ＨｏｇｕｅＴＳ，ＢａｓｔｉｄａｓＬ，ＧｕｐｔａＨ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｅｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒａ

ｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｔｈｅＮｏａｈＬＳＭｉｎｓｅｍｉａｒｉｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓ［Ｊ］．Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆ

Ｈｙｄｒｏｍｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｙ，２００５，６：６８－８３．

［１３］ＫａｈａｎＤＳ，ＸｕｅＹ，ＡｌｌｅｎＳＪ．Ｔｈｅｉｍｐａｃｔｏｆｖｅｇｅｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｓｏｉｌ

ｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｓｉｎｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｓｕｒｆａｃｅｅｎｅｒｇｙａｎｄｗａｔｅｒｂａｌａｎｃｅｉｎｔｈｅ

ｓｅｍｉ－ａｒｉｄＳａｈｅｌ：ＡｃａｓｅｓｔｕｄｙｕｓｉｎｇＳＥＢＥＸａｎｄＨＡＰＥＸ－Ｓａｈｅｌ

ｄａｔａ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＨｙｄｒｏｌｏｇｙ，２００６，３２０（１－２）：２３８－２５９．

［１４］朱德琴，高晓清．陆面过程模式ＳＳｉＢ在中国西北典型干旱区使

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［１５］王胜，张强，卫国安．敦煌干旱区一次降水过程陆面特征模拟

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能的检验与对比［Ｊ］．气候与环境研究，２００９，１４（４）：３５２－

３６２．

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ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＭｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄＣｌｉｍａｔｏｌｏｇｙ，２００８，４７（１）：２７６

－２９０．

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ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅａｎｄｆｌｕｘｅｓ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＣｌｉｍａｔｅ，１９９８，１１：５３７－

５５０．

［２０］ＫａｎｄａＭ，ＫａｎｅｇａＭ，ＫａｗａｉＴ，ｅｔａｌ．ＲｏｕｇｈｎｅｓｓＬｅｎｇｔｈｓｆｏｒＭｏ

ｍｅｎｔｕｍａｎｄＨｅａｔＤｅｒｉｖｅｄｆｒｏｍＯｕｔｄｏｏｒＵｒｂａｎＳｃａｌｅＭｏｄｅｌｓ［Ｊ］．

ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＭｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄＣｌｉｍａｔｏｌｏｇｙ，２００７，４６（７）：

１０６７－１０７９．

［２１］ＹａｎｇＫ，ＫｏｉｋｅＴ，ＹａｎｇＤ．ＳｕｒｆａｃｅＦｌｕｘＰａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅ

ＴｉｂｅｔａｎＰｌａｔｅａｕ［Ｊ］．Ｂｏｕｎｄａｒｙ－ＬａｙｅｒＭｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｙ，２００３，１０６

（２）：２４５－２６２．

［２２］ＣｈｅｎＹ，ＹａｎｇＫ，ＺｈｏｕＤ，ｅｔａｌ．ＩｍｐｒｏｖｉｎｇｔｈｅＮｏａｈＬａｎｄＳｕｒ

ｆａｃｅＭｏｄｅｌｉｎＡｒｉｄＲｅｇｉｏｎｓｗｉｔｈａｎＡｐｐｒｏｐｒｉａｔｅＰａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆ

ｔｈｅＴｈｅｒｍａｌＲｏｕｇｈｎｅｓｓＬｅｎｇｔｈ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＨｙｄｒｏｍｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｙ，

２０１０，１１（４）：９９５－１００６．

［２３］孙菽芬．陆面过程的物理、生化机理和参数化模型［Ｍ］．北京：

气象出版社，２００５．１６３－１７８．

［２４］李倩，孙菽芬．通用的土壤水热传输耦合模型的发展和改进研

究［Ｊ］．中国科学Ｄ辑：地球科学，２００７，３７（１１）：１５２２－１５３５．

［２５］ＦｌｅｒｃｈｉｎｇｅｒＧＮ，ＳａｘｔｏｎＫＥ．Ｓｉｍｕｌｔａｎｅｏｕｓｈｅａｔａｎｄｗａｔｅｒｍｏｄｅｌ

ｏｆａｆｒｅｅｚｉｎｇｓｎｏｗ－ｒｅｓｉｄｕｅ－ｓｏｉｌｓｙｓｔｅｍＩ：Ｔｈｅｏｒｙａｎｄｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ

［Ｊ］．ＴｒａｎｓａｃｔｉｏｎｓｏｆＡＳＡＥ，１９８９，３２（２）：５６５－５７１．

［２６］ＦｌｅｒｃｈｉｎｇｅｒＧＮ，ＳａｘｔｏｎＫＥ．ＴｈｅＳｉｍｕｌｔａｎｅｏｕｓＨｅａｔａｎｄＷａｔｅｒ

（ＳＨＡＷ）Ｍｏｄｅｌ：ＴｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌＤｏｃｕｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ［Ｒ］．ＴｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌＲｅｐｏｒｔ

ＮＷＲＣ，２０００．

［２７］ＦｌｅｒｃｈｉｎｇｅｒＧＮ，ＰｉｅｒｓｏｎＦＢ．Ｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇｐｌａｎｔｃａｎｏｐｙｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｎ

ｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｓｏｉｌｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅａｎｄｗａｔｅｒ［Ｊ］．ＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌａｎｄＦｏｒ

ｅｓｔＭｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｙ，１９９１，５６（３－４）：２２７－２４６．

［２８］ＦｌｅｒｃｈｉｎｇｅｒＧＮ，ＫｕｓｔａｓＷＰ，ＷｅｌｔｚＭＡ．ＳｉｍｕｌａｔｉｎｇＳｕｒｆａｃｅＥｎ

ｅｒｇｙＦｌｕｘｅｓａｎｄＲａｄｉｏｍｅｔｒｉｃＳｕｒｆａｃｅＴｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｓｆｏｒＴｗｏＡｒｉｄ

ＶｅｇｅｔａｔｉｏｎＣｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓＵｓｉｎｇｔｈｅＳＨＡＷＭｏｄｅｌ［Ｊ］．Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆ

ＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＭｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｙ，１９９８，３７（５）：４４９－４６０．

［２９］ＦｌｅｒｃｈｉｎｇｅｒＧＮ，ＨａｒｄｅｇｒｅｅＳＰ．Ｍｏｄｅｌｌｉｎｇｎｅａｒ－ｓｕｒｆａｃｅｓｏｉｌ

ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅａｎｄｍｏｉｓｔｕｒｅｆｏｒｇｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｓｏｆ

ｐｏｓｔ－ｗｉｌｄｆｉｒｅｓｅｅｄｂｅｄｓ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＡｒｉｄＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓ，２００４，

５９（２）：３６９－３８５．

［３０］ＫｕｓｔａｓＷＰ，ＣｈｏｕｄｈｕｒｙＢＪ，ＭｏｒａｎＭＳ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆ

ｓｅｎｓｉｂｌｅｈｅａｔｆｌｕｘｏｖｅｒｓｐａｒｓｅｃａｎｏｐｙｕｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｒｍａｌｉｎｆｒａｒｅｄｄａｔａ

［Ｊ］．ＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌａｎｄＦｏｒｅｓｔＭｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｙ，１９８９，４４（３－４）：１９７

－２１６．

［３１］ＳｕｎＪ．Ｄｉｕｒｎａｌｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｈｅｒｍａｌｒｏｕｇｈｎｅｓｓｈｅｉｇｈｔｏｖｅｒａｇｒａｓｓ

ｌａｎｄ［Ｊ］．Ｂｏｕｎｄａｒｙ－ＬａｙｅｒＭｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｙ，１９９９，９２（３）：４０７－

４２７．

［３２］ＶｅｒｈｏｅｆＡ，ＤｅＢｒｕｉｎＨＡＲ，Ｈｕｒｋ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｓｏｍｅｐｒａｃｔｉｃａｌｎｏｔｅｓｏｎ

ｔｈｅｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｋＢ

－１

ｆｏｒｓｐａｒｓｅｖｅｇｅｔａｔｉｏｎ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄ

Ｍｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｙ，１９９７，３６（５）：５６０－５７２．

［３３］ＫｏｎｄｏＪ，ＳａｉｇｕｓａＮ，ＳａｔｏＴ．ＡＰａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆＥｖａｐｏｒａｔｉｏｎ

ｆｒｏｍＢａｒｅＳｏｉｌＳｕｒｆａｃｅｓ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＭｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｙ，

１９９０，２９（５）：３８５－３８９．

［３４］ＣｈｏｕｄｈｕｒｙＢＪ，ＭｏｎｔｅｉｔｈＪＬ．Ａｆｏｕｒ－ｌａｙｅｒｍｏｄｅｌｆｏｒｔｈｅｈｅａｔ

ｂｕｄｇｅｔｏｆｈｏｍｏｇｅｎｅｏｕｓｌａｎｄｓｕｒｆａｃｅｓ［Ｊ］．ＱｕａｒｔｅｒｌｙＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆｔｈｅ

ＲｏｙａｌＭｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＳｏｃｉｅｔｙ，１９８８，１１４（４８０）：３７３－３９８．

［３５］ＹａｍａｎａｋａＴ，ＴａｋｅｄａＡ，ＳｕｇｉｔａＦ．Ａｍｏｄｉｆｉｅｄｓｕｒｆａｃｅ－ｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅ

ａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｆｏｒｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｉｎｇｂａｒｅ－ｓｏｉｌｅｖａｐｏｒａｔｉｏｎ：Ｗｉｎｄｔｕｎｎｅｌｅｘ

ｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔｓｕｎｄｅｒｖａｒｉｏｕｓａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ［Ｊ］．ＷａｔｅｒＲｅ

ｓｏｕｒｃｅｓＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈ，１９９７，３３（９）：２１１７－２１２８．

［３６］肖霞，左洪超，刘辉志．春末黄土高原半干旱区地表能量闭合的

观测研究［Ｊ］．冰川冻土，２０１０，３２（１）：７０－７７．

［３７］张杰，张强，黄建平．２００７年５－１０月黄土高原陆面能量通量

特征研究［Ｊ］．高原气象，２０１０，２９（４）：８５５－８６３．

［３８］左金清，王介民，黄建平．半干旱草地地表热通量的计算及其对

能量平衡的影响［Ｊ］．高原气象，２０１０，２９（４）：８４０－８４８．

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