Precipitation characteristics associated with the Qinghai Plateau vortex and environmental field analysis of different quadrants

doi:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639-2025-06-0867

Abstract

Abstract:

The plateau vortex is one of the important weather systems causing heavy rainfall and short-duration intense precipitation in Qinghai Province. Based on the plateau vortex dataset, precipitation observation data of meteorological stations in Qinghai, and the ERA5 reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) from 1979 to 2021, this study investigates the proportion of plateau vortex days, plateau vortex precipitation, and environmental field characteristics over Qinghai by using the plateau vortex precipitation correlation method and dynamic composite analysis method. The results show that the spatial distribution of the proportion of plateau vortex days in Qinghai increases from northeast to southwest, with an annual maximum of 15.37%. The annual maximum proportion of plateau vortex precipitation to total precipitation reaches 37.92%. The annual maximum proportion of plateau vortex extreme precipitation days to the total extreme precipitation days is observed in southwestern Qinghai (63.69%). Meanwhile, the annual maximum proportion of plateau vortex extreme precipitation days to plateau vortex days occurs in the region from eastern Haixi Prefecture to southern Hainan Prefecture (10.73%). Although the number of plateau vortex days is relatively small in these areas, such systems often induce intense precipitation. The larger proportion of plateau vortex days over Qinghai is mainly concentrated in the period from April to October, and the eastward movement of plateau vortices exerts a more significant impact on precipitation. The frequency of heavy rain dynamically composited relative to the plateau vortex center shows an asymmetric distribution (wider in the zonal direction and narrower in the meridional direction). Heavy rain occurrences are predominantly concentrated in the northeastern and southeastern quadrants, with the maximum frequency occurring within a distance of 0.50-1.25 latitude degrees from the vortex center.

Key words: plateau vortex, Qinghai Plateau, statistical characteristics, environment condition

摘要：

高原低涡是造成青海暴雨和短时强降水的重要天气系统之一。基于1979—2021年高原低涡数据集、青海气象站点降水观测资料及欧洲中期天气预报中心（European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts， ECMWF）ERA5再分析资料，利用高原低涡降水关联方法和动态合成分析方法，研究了青海高原低涡日占比、高原低涡降水及环境场特征。结果表明：青海高原低涡日占比呈东北向西南递增的空间分布特征，全年最大值为15.37%。高原低涡降水占总降水量的比例全年最大值为37.92%，高原低涡极端降水日数占总极端降水日数的比例全年最大值位于青海西南部（63.69%），高原低涡极端降水日数占高原低涡日数的比例全年最大值位于海西州东部到海南州南部地区（10.73%），这些地区高原低涡日数较少，但往往会引发较强降水。青海高原低涡日占比高值主要集中在4—10月，高原低涡东移过程中对降水的影响更显著。以高原低涡中心为原点动态合成的高原低涡大雨频次呈现纬向宽、经向窄的不对称分布，大雨落区集中分布在东北象限和东南象限，大雨发生频次最大出现在距离低涡中心0.50~1.25个纬距范围内。

关键词: 高原低涡, 青海高原, 统计特征, 环境条件

CLC Number:

P456

SHEN Xiaoyan, MA Yuancang, SHEN Yanling, QUAN Chen, GUAN Qin, AN Lin, WANG Huiping. Precipitation characteristics associated with the Qinghai Plateau vortex and environmental field analysis of different quadrants[J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 2025, 43(6): 867-877.

沈晓燕, 马元仓, 申燕玲, 权晨, 管琴, 安琳, 王惠平. 青海高原低涡关联降水特征及不同象限环境场分析[J]. 干旱气象, 2025, 43(6): 867-877.

Figures/Tables 11

Fig.1 Spatial distribution of topography （the color shaded， Unit： km） and meteorological stations （black dots） in Qinghai Province

Fig.2 Comparison scatterplot of daily precipitation between ERA5 reanalysis data and station observations over the Qinghai Plateau from 2016 to 2021 （N represents total number of samples）

Fig.3 The MRE and RMSE (a), and r, POD, FAR, and CSI (b) of ERA5 precipitation data over the Qinghai Plateau during 2016-2021 under different precipitation levels

Fig.4 The inter-annual variation of the number of plateau vortices (a), and the moving paths of plateau vortices passing through the Qinghai Plateau (b) from 1950 to 2021 (The blue and red dots denote the generation and dissipation locations of plateau vortices, respectively, the area enclosed by the solid black line denotes Qinghai Province)

Fig.5 The spatial distribution of the proportion of plateau vortex days（fTPV）for the whole year （a）， warm season （b）， and cold season （c） from 1979 to 2021 （Unit： %）

Tab.1 The average precipitation on general and plateau vortex precipitation days over the Qinghai Plateau in different periods from 1979 to 2021

时段	普通降水日平均降水量	高原低涡降水日平均降水量
全年	2.29	4.41
暖季	3.29	4.80
冷季	1.07	2.56

Fig.6 The spatial distribution of the proportion of extreme precipitation days associated with plateau vortex to the total extreme precipitation days (${f}_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{X}}^{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{V}}$) (a, b, c) and the proportion of extreme precipitation days associated with plateau vortex to the plateau vortex days (${f}_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{V}}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{X}}$) (d, e, f) for the whole year (a, d), warm season (b, e), and cold season (c, f) from 1979 to 2021 (Unit: %)

Fig.7 Monthly variation of the proportion of plateau vortex days （fTPV）， the proportion of extreme precipitation days associated with plateau vortex to the total extreme precipitation days （${f}_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{X}}^{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{V}}$）， and the proportion of extreme precipitation days associated with plateau vortex to the plateau vortex days （${f}_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{V}}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{X}}$） in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region （a） and the Qinghai Plateau region （b） from 1979 to 2021

Fig.8 The composite distribution of heavy rain frequency centered on the plateau vortex core based on ERA5 grids (a) and meteorological station data (b) (Unit: times), and the proportion of heavy rain frequency at different distances from the plateau vortex core in different quadrants (c)

Fig.9 Box plots of CAPE (a), K index (b), 500 hPa pseudo equivalent potential temperature (c), 500 hPa specific humidity (d), 600 hPa specific humidity (e), whole layer water vapor flux divergence (f), 500 hPa vorticity (g), 200 hPa divergence (h), and 500 hPa vertical velocity (i) in different quadrants of plateau vortices associated with heavy rainfall from 2016 to 2021

Fig.10 The spatial distribution of convective available potential energy (Unit: J·kg-1) (a), K index (b, Unit: K), 500 hPa pseudo-equivalent potential temperature (c, Unit: K), integrated water vapor flux (arrows, Unit: kg·m-1·s-1) and its divergence (the color shaded, Unit: 10-5 kg·m-2·s-1) (d), the 500 hPa vorticity (the color shaded, Unit: 10-5 s-1) and 200 hPa divergence (contours, Unit: 10-5 s-1) (e), 500 hPa vertical velocity (f, Unit: Pa·s-1), dynamically composited relative to the center of the plateau vortex associated with heavy rainfall from 2016 to 2021

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