Analysis of a northeast cold vortex process accompanied by extreme precipitation

doi:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639-2025-06-0939

Abstract

Abstract:

From 25 to 29 November 2024, Heilongjiang Province experienced an extreme precipitation event associated with a northeast cold vortex (NECV), during which precipitation at multiple observation stations exceeded historical records. Using hourly observations from surface meteorological stations in Heilongjiang Province and ERA5 reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), the evolution characteristics of the NECV and the formation mechanisms of sustained heavy precipitation were investigated. The results indicate that the cold-core structure of the NECV initially appeared in the mid-troposphere, extended downward during its development, and retreated to the mid-levels during the weakening stage. During the development and mature stages, subsidence dominated on the southern side of the vortex, while pronounced upward motion and deep moist layers were present on the northern and eastern sides. Throughout the heavy precipitation period, the precipitation center remained on the eastern side of the NECV. The southeasterly low-level jet and super low level jet acted as warm conveyor belts, continuously transporting moisture and heat to the precipitation area, and exhibited a pronounced diurnal variation, with jet intensification and downward extension of strong winds from early morning to afternoon, accompanied by significant vertical wind shear. Heavy precipitation showed a strong correspondence with the 925 hPa moisture convergence zone. The long-term maintenance of sustained moisture transport and convergence near Hegang was a necessary condition for the occurrence of extreme precipitation. In addition, terrain-induced convergence and uplift, together with the coupling of upper- and lower level jets, significantly enhanced low level ascent, leading to prolonged and extreme precipitation. Extreme precipitation mainly occurred on the windward slopes of the eastern foothills of the Xiaoxing’an Mountains.

Key words: northeast cold vortex （NECV）, super low level jet, coupling of high and low level jets, terrain, heavy precipitation

摘要：

2024年11月25—29日，黑龙江省发生一次东北冷涡背景下的极端降水过程，多站降水量突破历史极值。基于黑龙江省地面气象站逐小时观测资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA5再分析资料，分析此次过程中东北冷涡的演变特征及持续性强降水的形成机制。结果表明，东北冷涡冷心结构最初出现在中层，随冷涡发展向下延伸，在减弱阶段再次回升至中层；冷涡发展及强盛阶段，南侧以下沉气流为主，北侧和东侧存在显著上升运动及深厚湿区。强降水期间，降水中心始终位于冷涡东侧，东南风低空急流和超低空急流构成暖输送带，持续向强降水区输送水汽和热量，且急流强度具有明显日变化特征，凌晨至午后急流增强，大风区向下延伸，垂直风切变显著。强降水与925 hPa强水汽辐合区对应良好，鹤岗附近降水中心长时间维持稳定的水汽输送和辐合，是形成极端降水的必要条件。此外，地形辐合抬升及高、低空急流的耦合作用显著增强低层上升运动，使强降水持续并最终导致极端降水，极端降水主要出现在小兴安岭东侧山麓迎风坡区域。

关键词: 东北冷涡, 超低空急流, 高低空急流耦合, 地形, 强降水

CLC Number:

P458

REN Li, BU Wenhui, YU Zhenyu, BAI Junjie, LI Yao. Analysis of a northeast cold vortex process accompanied by extreme precipitation[J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 2025, 43(6): 939-952.

任丽, 卜文惠, 于震宇, 白俊杰, 李瑶. 一次伴有极端降水的东北冷涡过程分析[J]. 干旱气象, 2025, 43(6): 939-952.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig.1 Terrain of Heilongjiang Province (the color shaded, Unit: m), distributions of observed precipitation (the color dots, Unit: mm) from 08:00 on 25 to 08:00 on 27 (a) and from 08:00 on 27 to 08:00 on 30 (b), and the observed hourly precipitation at No.18 Farm Station in Hegang City from 20:00 on 25 to 08:00 on 27 (c) and at Anshan Township Station in Yanshou County from 09:00 on 27 to 22:00 on 29 (d) November 2024

Fig.2 The 500 hPa geopotential height field (the black contour lines, Unit: dagpm), temperature field (the red contour lines, Unit: ℃) and temperature advection (the color shaded, Unit: 10-5 K·s-1), 200 hPa horizontal wind field (arrow vectors, Unit: m·s-1; green vector indicates the wind speed greater than or equal to 50 m·s-1 and purple vector indicates wind speed greater than or equal to 70 m·s-1), 850 hPa horizontal wind field (wind barbs, Unit: m·s-1, only show the wind speed greater than or equal to 16 m·s-1) at 20:00 on 25 (a), 14:00 on 26 (b), 14:00 on 27 (c), and 08:00 on 28 November 2024

Fig.3 The sea level pressure field (the contour lines, Unit: hPa) and 850 hPa frontogenesis function (the color shaded, Unit: 10-1 K·(h·100 km)-1) at 14:00 on 26 (a), 02:00 on 27 (b), 08:00 on 27 (c), and 08:00 on 28 November 2024

Fig.4 Longitude-height (a, b, c) and latitude-height (d, e, f) cross section of temperature anomalies (the color shaded, Unit: ℃), geopotential height anomalies (black contour lines, Unit: dagpm) and potential vorticity (purple contour lines, Unit: 10-6 m2·K·s-1·kg-1) through the center of NECV at 14:00 on 26 (a, d), 08:00 on 27 (b, e) and 08:00 on 28 (c, f) November 2024 (The black shading represents the terrain, the red dot represents the center of NECV, the same as below)

Fig.5 Longitude-height section (a, b, c) of specific humidity (the color shaded, Unit: g·kg-1), meridional wind (contour lines, Unit: m·s-1) and composite of zonal wind and vertical velocity (arrow vectors), and latitude-height section (d, e, f) of specific humidity (the color shaded, Unit: g·kg-1), zonal wind (contour lines, Unit: m·s-1) and composite of meridional wind and vertical velocity (arrow vectors) through the center of NECV at 14:00 on 26 (a, d), 08:00 on 27 (b, e) and 08:00 on 28 (c, f) November 2024 (The vertical velocity multiplied by 100 in the velocity composite, the same as below)

Fig.6 The wind field (a, Unit: m·s-1; only show the wind speed greater than or equal to 16 m·s-1) of 850 hPa (blue arrows) and 925 hPa (black arrows) at 14:00 on 26 and vertical variation of the mean wind speed over the precipitation center region from 02:00 on 26 to 02:00 on 27 (b) November 2024 (The brown box denotes the precipitation center region, the brown vertical line indicates the low-level jet threshold)

Fig.7 Latitude-height section of 6-hourly fields of horizontal wind speed (the color shaded, Unit: m·s-1), meridional wind (the contour lines, Unit: m·s-1), and composite of meridional wind and vertical velocity (vectors) (a, c, e, g), and horizontal divergence (the color shaded, Unit: 10-5 s-1), specific humidity (red contour lines, Unit: g·kg-1), composite of meridional wind and vertical velocity (vectors), and vertical velocity (black contour lines, Unit: Pa·s-1) (b, d, f, h) along 130°E at 08:00 (a, b), 14:00 (c, d), and 20:00 (e, f) on 26, and 02:00 (g, h) on 27 November 2024

Fig.8 The vapor flux (vectors, Unit: g·s-1·cm-1·hPa-1), vapor flux divergence (the color shaded, Unit: 10-7 g·s-1·cm-2·hPa-1) and specific humidity (the contour lines, Unit: g·kg-1) at 925 hPa (a, c, e, g), and the total amount of precipitation in the entire atmosphere (the color shaded) and 6-hour precipitation (colored dots) (Unit: mm) (b, d, f, h) at 08:00 (a, b), 14:00 (c, d), and 20:00 (e, f) on 26, and 02:00 (g, h) on 27 November 2024 (The gray shading indicates terrain)

Fig.9 Longitude-height section along 47.5°N of horizontal wind speed (the color shaded, Unit: m·s-1), horizontal wind field (vectors, Unit: m·s-1) and vorticity velocity (the purple contour lines, Unit: Pa·s-1), and the meridional projection of 6-hour precipitation (a, b), and distribution of maximum wind speed (wind barbs, Unit: m·s-1) and 6-hour precipitation (colored dots, Unit: mm) (c, d) at14:00 on 26 (a, c) and 02:00 on 27 (b, d) November 2024 (The gray shading represents the height of the terrain, Unit: m)

Fig.10 The three-dimensional conceptual model for heavy precipitation associated with NECV （The grey shadow indicates area of heavy precipitation； the color shaded is terrain height， Unit： m）

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