［1］Ambrizzi，Tercio，Hoskins B J，et al． Rossby wave propagation and teleconnection patterns in the Austral winter［J］． Journal of the At-mospheric Sciences，1995(52):3661 －3672．

［2］An Z S，Kutzbach J E，Prell W L，et al． Evolution of Asian mon-soons and phased uplift of the Himalaya － Tibetan plateau since late Miocene times［J］． Nature，2001(411):62 －66．

［3］Beck C，Grieser J，Rudolf B． A new monthly precipitation climatol-ogy for the global land areas for the period 1951 to 2000［J］． Cli-mate Status Report No． 2004，German Weather Service: Offen-bach，2005，181 －190．

［4］Blackmon M L，Lee Y H，Wallace J M，et al． Time variation of 500－ mb height fluctuations with long，intermediate and short time scales［J］． Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences，1984，41:981 －991．

［5］Bordi I，Fraedrich K，Petitta M，et al． Extreme value analysis of wet and dry periods in Sicily［J］． Theoretical and Applied Climatol-ogy，2007，87:61 －71．

［6］Bordi I，Sutera A． Fifty years of precipitation: Some spatially remote teleconnections［J］． Water Resources Management，2001，15:247－280．

［7］Br nnimann S． Impact of El Nio – Southern Oscillation on European climate［J］． Reviews of Geophysics，2007，45: RG3003．

［8］Chang C P，Zhang Y，Li T． Interannual and interdecadal variations of the East Asian summer monsoon and tropical Pacific SSTs． Part I:Roles of the subtropical ridge［J］． Journal of Climate，2000a，13:4310 －4325．

［9］Chang C P，Zhang Y，Li T． Interannual and interdecadal variations of the East Asian summer monsoon and tropical Pacific SSTs． Part II: Meridional structure of the monsoon［J］． Journal of Climate，2000b，13:4326 －4340．

［10］Ding Y． The variability of the Asian summer monsoon［J］． Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan，2007，85B:21 －54．

［11］ Ding Q，Wang B． Circumglobal teleconnection in the northern hemisphere summer［J］． Journal of Climate，2005，18:3483 －3505．

［12］d’Orgeville M，Peltier W R． On the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation: Might they be related［J］． Geophysical Research Letters，2007，34:L23705．

［13］Dracup J A，Lee K S，Paulson E G． On the definition of droughts On the definition of droughts． Water Resources Research，1980，16:297 －302．

［14］Fekete B M，V r smarty C J，Grabs W． Global，composite runoff fields based on observed river discharge and simulated water bal-ances［M］． Koblenz: Global Runoff Data Center，1999，115．

［15］Fekete B M，V r smarty C J，Grabs W． UNH/GRDC composite runoff fields V 1． 0． http:/ /www． grdc． sr． unh． edu/，2000．

［16］Feng S，Hu Q． How the North Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation may have influenced the Indian summer monsoon during the past two millenia［J］． Geophysical Research Letters，2008，35:L01707，DOI:10． 1029/2007GL032484．

［17］ Flohn H． Investigations on the tropical easterly jet［J］． Bonner Meteorologische Abhandlungen，1964，4:1 －83．

［18］Flohn H． Contributions to a meteorology of the Tibetan highlands［M］． Atmospheric Science Paper No． 130，Department of Atmos-phere Science，Colorado State University:Colorado． 1968．

［19］Fraedrich K． An ENSO impact on Europe［J］Tellus A，1994，46:541 －552．

［20］Fraedrich K，Müller K． Climate anomalies in Europe associated with ENSO extremes［J］． International Journal of Climatology，1992，12:25 －31．

［21］Goswami B N，Madhusoodanan M S，Neema C P，et al． A physical mechanism for North Atlantic SST influence on the Indian summer monsoon［J］． Geophysical Ｒesearch Letters，2006，33:L02706，DOI:10． 1029/2005GL024803．

［22］Gupta A K，Anderson D M，Overpeck J T． Abrupt changes in the Asian southwest monsoon during the Holocene and their links to the North Atlantic Ocean［J］． Nature，2003，421:354 －357．

［23］Hahn D G，Manabe S． The role of mountains in the South Asian monsoon circulation［J］． Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences，1975，32:1515 －1541．

［24］He H，McGinnis J W，Song Z，et al． Onset of the Asian summer monsoon in 1979 and the effect of the Tibetan plateau［J］． Monthly Weather Review，1987，115:1966 －1995．

［25］Held I M，Ting M，Wang H． Northern winter stationary waves:Theory and modeling［J］． Journal of Climate，2002，15:2125 －2144．

［26］Hong C C，Lu M M，Kanamitsu M． Temporal and spatial charac-teristics of positive and negative Indian ocean dipole with and with-out ENSO［J］． Journal of Geophysical Research，2008，113:D08107，DOI:10． 1029/2007JD009151．

［27］Hoskins B J，Ambrizzi T． Rossby wave propagation on a realistic longitudinally varying flow［J］． Journal of the Atmospheric Sci-ences，1993，50:1661 －1671．

［28］Hoskins B J，James I N，White G H． The shape，propagation and mean － flow interaction of large － scale weather systems［J］． Jour-nal of the Atmospheric Sciences，1983，40:1595 －1612．

［29］Hsu H H，Liu X． Relationships between the Tibetan plateau heat-ing and East Asian summer monsoon rainfall［J］． Geophysical Re-search Letters，2003，30(20):2066．

［30］James I N，Hoskins B J． Some comparisons of atmospheric internal and boundary baroclinic instability［J］． Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences，1985，42:2142 －2155．

［31］Kucharski F，Bracco A，Yoo JH，Molteni F． 2007． Low － fre-quency variability of Indian monsoon － ENSO relationship and the tropical Atlantic:The“weakening”of the 1980s and 1990s． Jour-nal of Climate 20: 4255 －4266．

［32］Kucharski F，Bracco A，Yoo J H，et al． Atlantic forced component of the Indian monsoon interannual variability［J］． Geophysical Re-search Letters， 2008， 35:

L04706， DOI:10．1029/2007GL033037．

［33］Li C，Yanai M． The onset and interannual variability of the Asian summer monsoon in relation to land － sea thermal contrast［J］．Journal of Climate，1996，9:358 －375．

［34］Liu X，Yin Z Y． Spatial and temporal variation of summer precipi-tation over the eastern Tibetan plateau and the North Atlantic Oscil-lation［J］． Journal of Climate，2001，14:2896 －2909．

［35］Ma Y，Su Z，Li Z L，et al． Determination of regional net radiation and soil heat flux densities over heterogeneous landscape of the Ti-betan Plateau［J］． Hydrological Processes，2002，16: 2963 －2971．

［36］McKee T B，Doeskin N J，Kleist J． The relationship of drought fre-quency and duration to time scales［C］． American Meteorological Society． 8th Conference on Applied Climatology． Anaheim，1993，

179 －184．

［37］NOAA． Previous ENSO Events． http:/ /www． cpc． noaa． gov/prod-ucts/monitoring and data/ENSO connections． shtm，2008．

［38］PlumbR A． On the Three － dimensional propagation of stationary waves［J］． Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences，1985，42:217 －229．

［39］ Raghavan K． Tibetan anticyclone and tropical easterly jet［J］．Pureand Applied Geophysics，1973，110:2130 －2142．

［40］R Development Core Team． R: A language and environment for statistical computing． R Foundation for Statistical Computing，Vi-enna，Austria，http:/ /www． R － project． org，2005．

［41］Rodwell M J，Hoskins B． Monsoons and the dynamics of deserts［J］． Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society ，1996，122:1385 －1404．

［42］ Rodwell M J，Hoskins B． Subtropical anticyclones and summer monsoons［J］． Journal of Climate，2001，14:3192 －3211．

［43］Saji N H，Goswami B N，Vinayachandran P N，et al． A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean［J］． Nature，1999，401:361 －363．

［44］Sato T，Kimura F． How does the Tibetan plateau affect the transi-tion of Indian monsoon rainfall［J］． Monthly Weather Review，2007，135:2006 －2015．

［45］Sato N，Takahashi M． Dynamical processes related to the appear-ance of quasi － stationary waves on the subtropical jet in the mid-summer northern hemisphere［J］． Journal of Climate，2006． 19:1531 －1544．

［46］Shaman J，Tziperman E． The effect of ENSO on Tibetan plateau snow depth:A stationary wave teleconnection mechanism and impli-cations for the South Asian monsoons［J］． Journal of Climate，2005，18:2067 －2079．

［47］Sienz F，Bordi I，Fraedrich K，et al． Extreme dry and wet eventsin Iceland: observations，simulations and scenarios［J］． Meteorol-ogische Zeitschrift，2007，16:9 －16．

［48］Simmonds I，Bi D，Hope P． Atmospheric water vapor flux and itsassociation with rainfall in China in summer［J］． Journal of Cli-mate，1999，12:1353 －1367．

［49］ Simmons A J，Wallace J M，Branstator G W． Barotropic wave propagation and instability，and atmospheric teleconnection pat-terns［J］． Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences，1983，40:1363 －1392．

［50］ Tang M，Reiter E R． Plateau monsoons of the northern hemi-sphere: A comparison between North America and Tibet［J］．Monthly Weather Review，1984，112:617 －637．

［51］Ueda H，Kamahori H，Yamasaki N． Seasonal contrasting features of heat and moisture budgets between the eastern and western Ti-betan Plateau during the GAME IOP［J］． Journal of Climate，2003，16:2309 －2324．

［52］Uppala S M，Kallberg P W，Simmons A J，et al． The ERA －40 re－ analysis［J］． Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Soci-ety，2005，131:2961 －3012．

［53］Wakabayashi S，Kawamura R． Extraction of major teleconnection patterns possibly associated with the anomalous summer climate in Japan［J］． Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan，2004，82:1577 －1588．

［54］Walter K，Graf H F． On the changing nature of the regional con- nection between the North Atlantic Oscillation and sea surface tem-perature［J］． Journal of Geophysical Research，2002，107(D17):4338．

［55］Walter K，Luksch U，Fraedrich K． A response climatology of ide-alized midlatitude thermal forcing experiments with and without a storm track［J］． Journal of Climate，2001，14:467 －484．

［56］Wang B，Fan Z． Choice of South Asian Summer Monsoon Indices［J］． Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society，1999，80:629 －638．

［57］Wang B，Wu R，Lau K M． Interannual Variability of the Asian Summer Monsoon: Contrasts between the Indian and the Western North Pacific － East Asian Monsoons［J］． Journal of Climate，2001，14: 4073 －4090．

［58］Wang B，Wu Z，Li J，et al． How to measure the strength of the East Asian Summer Monsoon［J］． Journal of Climate，2008a，21:4449 －4463．

［59］Wang X，Zhang Q B，Ma K，et al． A tree － ring record of 500 －year dry － wet changes in northern Tibet，China［J］． Holocene，2008b，18:579 －588．

［60］Webster P J，Yang S． Monsoon and ENSO:Selectively interactive systems［J］． Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society，

1992，118:877 －926．

［61］Wu G，Zhang Y． Tibetan plateau forcing and the timing of the monsoon onset over South Asia and the South China Sea［J］．Monthly Weather Review，1998，126:913 －927．

［62］Xu X，Lu C，Shi X，et al． World water tower: An atmospheric per-spective［J］． Geophysical Research Letters，2008，35:L20815，DOI:10． 1029/2008GL035867．

［63］Yanai M，Li C． Mechanism of heating and the boundary layer over the Tibetan Plateau［J］． Monthly Weather Review，1994，122:305－323．

［64］Ye H． Decadal variability of Russian winter snow accumulation and its associations with Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies［J］． International Journal of Climatology，2000，20:1709 －1728．

［65］Ye D Z，Wu G X． The role of the heat source of the Tibetan plat-eau in the general circulation［J］． Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics，1998，67:181 －198．

［66］Yeh T C，Gao Y X． The Meteorology of the Qinghai － Xizang (Ti-bet) Plateau［M］． Beijing:Science Press (in Chinese)，1979．

［67］Zhang R，Delworth T L． Impact of Atlantic multidecadal oscilla-tions on India/Sahel rainfall and Atlantic hurricanes［J］． Geophysi-cal Research Letters， 2006，33: L17712， DOI: 10． 1029/2006GL026267．

［68］Zhang R，Delworth T L． Impact of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscil-lation on North Pacific climate variability［J］． Geophysical Re-searchLetters， 2007， 34:

L23708， DOI: 10．1029/2007GL031601．

［69］Zhang Q，Gemmer M，Chen J． Climate changes and flood/ drought risk in the Yangtze Delta，China，during the past millennium［J］．Quaternary International，2008，176 －177:62 －69．

［70］Zhang Y，Li T，Wang B． Decadal change of the spring snow depth over the Tibetan plateau: The associated circulation and influence on the East Asian monsoon［J］． Journal of Climate，2004，17:2780 －2793．

［71］Ziv B，Saaroni H，Alpert P． The factors governing the summer re-gime of the eastern Mediterranean［J］． International Journal of Cli-matology，2004，24:1859 －1871．