2025年沙尘入侵湖南省的污染输送分析

doi:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639-2026-03-0479

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究中国南方沙尘事件的影响机制，本文选取2025年4月12—14日入侵湖南省的一次典型沙尘过程，利用欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA5再分析资料、风廓线雷达观测数据、空气质量监测数据和叠加地形资料的HYSPLIT后向轨迹分析模型（Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model），重点讨论了湖南地形对沙尘过程中污染物输送与滞留的作用。结果表明：（1）处于南方湿润区的湖南省可受远距离沙尘暴显著影响，此次源自蒙古国与南疆的沙尘沿西北路径南下，成为2000年以来首个覆盖全省的沙尘过程，污染物以外来粗颗粒沙尘为主。（2）湖南马蹄形地形的“通道—滞留”双模态效应是此次沙尘过程持续多日的重要原因，北部平原加速沙尘南下，周边山地阻挡气流使湘南污染长时间滞留，该效应在南方复杂地形区具有普遍性。（3）构建沙尘入侵湖南的概念模型，确定关键预报预警指标：西北及周边地区持续2 d以上的强沙尘暴，蒙古气旋与地面冷锋耦合，以及大范围5级以上偏北风；在此条件下，沙尘气溶胶通过偏西路径进行远距离输送，在48~72 h内影响湖南，并在风向转为偏南后迅速清除。

关键词: 沙尘过程, 地形影响, 湖南, 后向轨迹, 预报预警指标

Abstract:

To investigate the mechanisms underlying dust events in southern China, this study examined a representative dust intrusion that affected Hunan Province from 12 to 14 April 2025. ERA5 reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), wind-profiler radar observations, air-quality monitoring data, and the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) backward-trajectory model combined with topographic data were used to examine the role of Hunan’s terrain in pollutant transport and retention during the dust event. The results are as follows: (1) Although Hunan lies in the humid region of southern China, it can be significantly affected by long-range dust transport. The dust originating from Mongolia and southern Xinjiang moved southward along the northwest path, forming the first province-wide dust event since 2000, with pollutants dominated by exogenous coarse dust particles. (2) The dual “channel-retention” effect of Hunan’s horseshoe-shaped terrain was the major cause of this multi-day dust event. The northern plain accelerated the southward spread of dust, while the surrounding mountains blocked airflows and prolonged pollution retention in southern Hunan, and this effect may be common in complex-terrain regions of southern China. (3) A conceptual model for dust intrusion into Hunan was established, and the key forecasting and early-warning indicators were identified as follows: strong dust storms lasting for more than 2 d over northwestern China and adjacent regions, the coupling of a Mongolian cyclone with a surface cold front, and widespread northerly winds exceeding Beaufort Force 5. Under these conditions, dust aerosols were transported over long distances along a westerly pathway, reached Hunan within 48-72 h, and were rapidly removed after the prevailing wind shifted to a southerly direction.

Key words: dust transport, orographic modulation, Hunan Province, backward trajectory analysis, early-warning criterion

中图分类号:

P429

李巧媛, 周慧, 许霖. 2025年沙尘入侵湖南省的污染输送分析[J]. 干旱气象, 2026, 44(3): 479-489.

LI Qiaoyuan, ZHOU Hui, XU Lin. Analysis of pollutant transport during sandstorm invasion into Hunan Province in 2025[J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 2026, 44(3): 479-489.

图/表 8

图1 湖南省行政区划与地形高度分布

Fig.1 Spatial distribution of administrative division and topographic elevation in Hunan Province

表1 沙尘过程空气质量监测统计表

Tab.1 Statistical table of air quality monitoring during dust event

城市	沙尘污染时长/h	AQI日均值			AQI小时最大值及维持时长		PM₁₀小时质量浓度最大值及出现时间
城市	沙尘污染时长/h	12日	13日	14日	最大值	维持时长/h	最大值/（μg·m^-3）	出现时间
常德	41	280	177	143	500	11	1 254	12日11：00
郴州	26	131	160	114	493	1	593	12日16：00
衡阳	45	191	213	142	500	2	803	12日12：00
怀化	9	50	123	110	263	1	394	13日14：00
娄底	36	343	182	128	500	12	945	12日12：00
邵阳	39	216	226	127	500	5	627	12日21：00
湘潭	38	177	158	140	500	6	1 413	12日11：00
湘西州	8	51	138	103	308	1	426	13日17：00
益阳	11	146	102	95	500	2	658	12日11：00
永州	48	233	289	149	500	10	764	12日16：00
岳阳	16	152	130	125	500	4	996	12日11：00
张家界	27	88	236	111	465	1	565	13日00：00
长沙	34	172	150	145	500	6	1 080	12日12：00
株洲	48	215	168	143	500	9	866	12日13：00

图2 2025年4月12—14日逐时PM10质量浓度（a，单位：μg·m-3）和PM2.5与PM10质量浓度比（b）的Hovm?ller图 [剖面起点为张家界（29.1°N，110.5°E），终点为郴州（25.8°N，113.0°E），蓝色实线表示PM10质量浓度最大值轨迹，红色实线表示PM2.5与PM10质量浓度比最低值轨迹]

Fig. 2 Hovm?ller diagram of hourly PM10 mass concentration (a, Unit: μg·m-3) and the PM2.5 to PM10 mass concentration ratio (b) from April 12 to 14, 2025 (The profile starts at Zhangjiajie (29.1°N, 110.5°E) and ends at Chenzhou (25.8°N, 113.0°E), the blue solid line indicates the trajectory of the maximum PM10 mass concentration, and the red solid line shows the trajectory of the minimum PM2.5 to PM10 mass concentration ratio)

图3 2025年4月12—14日不同城市PM10质量浓度最大值、PM2.5与PM10质量浓度比最小值逐时变化

Fig. 3 Hourly changes of the maximum PM10 mass concentration and the minimum PM2.5 to PM10 mass concentration ratio in different cities from April 12 to 14, 2025

图4 2025年4月12—14日沙尘过程中长沙站风廓线雷达风速（a，单位：m·s-1）、垂直速度（b，单位：m·s-1）和${\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{n}}^{2}$（c）的时间-高度剖面

Fig. 4 Time-height profiles of wind speed (a, Unit: m·s-1), vertical velocity (b, Unit: m·s-1) and ${\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{n}}^{2}\mathrm{?}$(c) at the Changsha Station during the dust storm from April 12 to 14, 2025

图5 2025年4月11日08:00（a、b、c）、12日08:00（d、e、f）、14日08:00（g、h、i）500 hPa位势高度场（单位：dagpm）（a、d、g），850 hPa位势高度场（单位：dagpm）（b、e、h）和地面气压场（单位：hPa）（c、f、i）（字母D表示低压中心，字母G表示高压中心）

Fig. 5 The 500 hPa geopotential height field (Unit: dagpm) (a, d, g), 850 hPa geopotential height field (Unit: dagpm) (b, e, h) and surface pressure fields (Unit: hPa) (c, f, i) at 08:00 on 11 (a, b, c), 08:00 on 12 (d, e, f), and 08:00 on 14 (g, h, i) April 2025 (The letter D denotes low-pressure centers, and the letter G denotes high-pressure centers)

图6 2025年4月14日20:00不同代表站5 500 m（a）、1 500 m（b）和1 000 m（c）HYSPLIT模型模拟及不同高度轨迹时间变化（d）（黑色实线包围区域表示湖南省，下同）

Fig. 6 HYSPLIT model simulations at 5 500 m (a), 1 500 m (b) and 1 000 m (c) and temporal variations of trajectories at different altitudes (d) at different representative stations at 20:00 on 14 April 2025 (The area enclosed by the solid black line represents Hunan Province, the same as below)

图7 沙尘入侵湖南省的“通道—滞留”双模态地形作用概念图

Fig.7 A schematic of the dual-mode topographic transport channel-retention effect for dust intrusion into Hunan Province

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