水分临界期持续干旱胁迫对夏玉米光合生理与产量形成的影响

doi:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639(2021)-05-0734

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

试验于2018年夏玉米生长季在临沂设施农业气象试验站自动控制遮雨棚内水分控制场进行,以郑单958(ZD958)为试材,在水分临界期(拔节-开花期)设计5个水分梯度控制试验,模拟研究干旱胁迫对夏玉米光合生理与产量形成的影响。结果表明:水分临界期持续干旱胁迫下,开花期夏玉米叶片叶绿素a含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、株高、叶面积、地上部干物重均降低,且干旱胁迫越重降低幅度越大,T5处理下上述要素分别较T1处理下降42.6%、75.5%、83.2%、65.1%、27.5%、18.2%和44.9%。随着干旱胁迫的加剧,叶片水分利用效率呈先增后降的变化趋势,且在轻度干旱胁迫时最高。持续干旱胁迫下,夏玉米叶、叶鞘获得的养分分配增多,茎、果实、根获得的养分供给减少,植株营养供给与分配的改变不利于夏玉米健壮生长,倒伏风险增加,影响产量形成。此外,持续干旱胁迫下,夏玉米秃尖比、双穗率升高,百粒重、理论产量大幅降低。

关键词: 水分临界期, 持续干旱胁迫, 光合生理, 产量, 夏玉米

Abstract:

The experiment was conducted during the growth season of summer maize in 2018 in moisture control field of automatic control rain shelter in agriculture meteorological test station of Linyi. With ‘Zhengdan 958’ (ZD958) as test material, five-gradient water control tests were designed during the critical period of water (jointing to blooming stage). The effects of continuous drought stress on photosynthetic physiology and yield formation of summer maize in the critical period of water were simulated and studied. The results show that the leave chlorophyll a content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and plant height, leaf area, total dry weight above ground parts of summer maize at the flowering stage decreased under continuous drought stress during the water critical period, and the heavier drought stress was, the greater reduction was. The above elements under T5 treatment were 42.6%, 75.5%, 83.2%, 65.1%, 27.5%, 18.2% and 44.9% lower than those under T1 treatment in turn. The water use efficiency of summer maize leaves increased firstly and then decreased with the intensification of drought stress, and it reached the highest under light drought stress. Under continuous drought stress, the nutrient allocation of maize leaves and sheaths increased, while the nutrient supply of stems, fruits and roots decreased, which wasn’t conducive to healthy growth of summer maize, the risk of lodging increased, and the yield formation was difficult. In addition, the continuous drought stress also caused increase of bald tip ratio and double spike rate of summer maize and significant decrease of 100-kernel weight and theoretical yield.

Key words: critical period of water, continuous drought stress, photosynthetic physiology, yield, summer maize

中图分类号:

张继波,李楠,邱粲,薛晓萍. 水分临界期持续干旱胁迫对夏玉米光合生理与产量形成的影响[J]. 干旱气象, 2021, 39(5): 734-741.

ZHANG Jibo,LI Nan,QIU Can,XUE Xiaoping. Effect of Continuous Drought Stress During Critical Period of Water on Photosynthetic Physiology and Yield Formation of Summer Maize[J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 2021, 39(5): 734-741.

图/表 9

图1 水分控制场试验小区分布

Fig.1 Distribution of test regions of water control field

图2 2018年夏玉米全生育期气象条件(a)及各处理10~20 cm土壤相对湿度(b)变化 (红色方框为水分控制期)

Fig.2 The change of meteorological condition (a) and soil relative moisture at 10-20 cm depth under different water treatments (b) in the whole growth period of summer maize in 2018 (The red box is water control period)

表1 基于土壤水分的干旱判别标准

Tab.1 The evaluation criteria of drought based on soil moisture

干旱状态	土壤相对湿度/%
无旱	RHs>60
轻旱	40<RHs≤60
重旱	RHs≤40

表2 持续干旱胁迫对开花期夏玉米叶片叶绿素含量的影响

Tab.2 Effects of continuous drought stress on chlorophyll content of summer maize leaves at the flowering stage

水分处理	Chla/(mg·g^-1)	Chlb/(mg·g^-1)	Chl(a+b)/(mg·g^-1)	Chl(a/b)
T1	2.37±0.145a	0.48±0.042a	2.85±0.157a	4.91±0.144a
T2	1.90±0.113b	0.40±0.105ab	2.30±0.220b	4.73±0.372b
T3	1.68±0.220c	0.36±0.037b	2.04±0.139bc	4.67±0.335b
T4	1.59±0.144c	0.35±0.409b	1.94±0.172c	4.54±0.157b
T5	1.36±0.261cd	0.34±0.344b	1.70±0.184d	4.00±0.220c

图3 持续干旱胁迫对开花期夏玉米叶片光合特性的影响 (a)净光合速率,(b)蒸腾速率,(c)气孔导度,(d)水分利用效率

Fig.3 Effects of continuous drought stress on photosynthetic characteristics of summer maize leaves at the flowering stage (a) net photosynthetic rate, (b) transpiration rate, (c) stomatal conductance, (d) water use efficiency

图4 持续干旱胁迫对开花期夏玉米叶片光响应曲线的影响

Fig.4 Effects of continuous drought stress on light response curve of summer maize leaves at the flowering stage

图5 持续干旱胁迫对开花期夏玉米株高(a)和叶面积(b)的影响

Fig.5 Effects of continuous drought stress on plant height (a) and leaf area (b) of summer maize at the flowering stage

图6 开花期夏玉米地上部干物重(a)及占比(b)对持续干旱胁迫的响应

Fig.6 Effects of continuous drought stress on dry matter weight above ground parts (a) and ratio (b) of summer maize at the flowering stage

表3 水分临界期持续干旱胁迫对夏玉米产量构成的影响

Tab.3 Effects of continuous drought stress on yield components of summer maize in critical period of water

水分处理	秃尖比/%	双穗率/%	株籽粒重/g	百粒重/g	理论产量/(g·m^-2)
T1	0.9±0.06d	3.0±0.15d	157.7±10.58a	31.8±2.69a	1100.0±6.59a
T2	6.0±0.18c	33.0±1.35c	79.2±5.69b	27.5±2.14b	600.0±2.39b
T3	6.0±0.23c	37.0±2.69c	77.3±4.87b	28.1±2.69b	500.0±3.15c
T4	50.0±3.58b	60.0±3.54b	65.6±5.69c	27.6±1.58b	387.6±2.11d
T5	70.0±6.21a	90.0±5.24a	60.3±3.22c	23.6±2.01c	300.0±1.85d

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