2012年中美两国干旱的对比分析

doi:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639(2021)-05-0717

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

利用GPCC逐月降水资料、NCEP/NCAR环流场再分析数据以及NOAA逐月海温数据等,分析2012年中美两国干旱演变特征及可能的成因。结果表明:(1)2012年,中国旱情较轻,且时间不连续、空间分布零散,而美国出现了创纪录的干旱,且干旱时空连续,强度显著强于中国。(2)2012年,中国平均气温接近常年,而美国出现了创纪录的高温,高温加剧了空气干燥,使干旱更加严重。(3)2012年中美干旱过程与拉尼娜事件相关联。2010年7月至2012年2月,连续出现2次拉尼娜事件。赤道中、东太平洋持续的低温,使得美国长时间受高压脊控制,盛行下沉气流,特别是2012年夏季,北美—北大西洋副热带高压显著增强,美国出现了创记录的高温和更加严重的夏旱。与此同时,中国地区在2011/2012年冬季、2012年春秋季受高压脊控制,盛行下沉气流,干旱相对偏强,但在2012年夏季,西太平洋副热带高压强度偏弱、位置偏南偏东,对中国大陆影响较小,中国夏旱并不严重。

关键词: 中国, 美国, 干旱演变特征, 干旱成因, 拉尼娜事件

Abstract:

Based on the monthly precipitation grid data from GPCC, reanalysis data from NCEP/NCAR and sea surface temperature (SST) from NOAA, etc, the evolution characteristics of drought and its possible causes in China and the United States in 2012 were analyzed. The results are as follows: (1) In 2012, the drought was light in China, and it was discontinuous in time and disperse in space, while the drought in the United States reached a record high level, and the spatio-temporal distribution of drought was continuous, and the intensity of drought was significantly stronger than that in China. (2) In 2012, the average temperature was close to normal in China, while in the United States, a record high temperature occurred, which aggravated the air drying, and further the drought was more serious. (3) There were connections between drought in China and the United States in 2012 and La Niña event. La Niña events with a short interval of four months occurred twice from July 2010 to February 2012. The high-pressure ridge controlled the United States for a long time due to the persistent low temperature in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific, and the downdraft prevailed over the United States, especially the North American-North Atlantic subtropical high strengthened significantly in summer of 2012, which caused the record high temperature and more serious drought in the United States in summer. Meanwhile, the high pressure ridge controlled China in winter of 2011/2012, spring and autumn of 2012, and the downdraft prevailed over China, so the intensity of drought was relatively strong. In summer of 2012, the intensity of the western Pacific subtropical high was weak, and its location was more southward and eastward than normal, which had few influence on Chinese mainland. Therefore, the summer drought in China wasn’t serious.

Key words: China, the United States, evolution characteristics of drought, drought causes, La Niña event

中图分类号:

P426.616

刘书言, 荣艳淑, 吕星月, 殷雨婷. 2012年中美两国干旱的对比分析[J]. 干旱气象, 2021, 39(5): 717-726.

LIU Shuyan, RONG Yanshu, LYU Xingyue, YIN Yuting. Comparative Analysis of Drought in China and the United States in 2012[J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 2021, 39(5): 717-726.

图/表 10

表1 标准化降水指数的干旱等级划分标准

Tab.1 The classification standard of drought grades based on standardized precipitation index

等级	类型	SPI
0	无旱	SPI>-0.5
1	轻旱	-1.0<SPI ≤-0.5
2	中旱	-1.5<SPI ≤-1.0
3	重旱	-2.0<SPI ≤-1.5
4	特旱	SPI ≤-2.0

图1 2012年中国(a、b)和美国(c、d)SPI的经度-时间(a、c)及纬度-时间(b、d)剖面

Fig.1 The longtitude-time (a, c) and latitude-time (b, d) sections of SPI in China (a, b) and the United States (c, d) in 2012

图2 2012年中美两国干旱面积占比逐月变化 (a)干旱总面积百分比,(b)不同等级干旱面积百分比

Fig.2 The monthly changes of percentage of drought area in China and the United States in 2012 (a) percentage of total drought area, (b) percentage of drought area with different grades

图3 2012年各月中美两国干旱强度对比 (a)区域平均SPI,(b)不同等级平均SPI

Fig.3 Comparison of drought intensity between China and the United States in each month of 2012 (a) regional average SPI, (b) average SPI with different grades

图4 1961—2012年中美两国平均气温年际变化(a)及2012年中国(b)和美国(c)较大区域的年平均气温距平

Fig.4 The inter-annual change of average temperature in China and the United States during 1961-2012 (a) and annual average temperature anomaly in several large regions of China (b) and the United States (c) in 2012

图5 2010—2012年Niño3.4指数月际变化(a)和赤道太平洋(5°S—5°N)平均海温距平的经度-时间剖面(b, 单位: ℃)

Fig.5 The monthly change of Niño3.4 index (a) and longitude-time section of average SST anomaly in the equatorial Pacific (5°S-5°N) (b, Unit: ℃) from 2010 to 2012

Fig.6 The meridional vertical sections of composition (vectors) of average meridional wind (Unit: m·s-1) and vertical velocity (Unit: 10-2 Pa·s-1) and vertical velocity anomaly (shadows, Unit: 10-2 Pa·s-1) over China in each season from 2011 to 2012 (a) winter of 2011 to 2012, (b) spring of 2012, (c) summer of 2012, (d) autumn of 2012

Fig.7 The meridional vertical sections of composition (vectors) of average meridional wind (Unit: m·s-1) and vertical velocity (Unit: 10-2 Pa·s-1) and vertical velocity anomaly (shadows, Unit: 10-2 Pa·s-1) over the United States in each season from 2011 to 2012 (a) winter of 2011 to 2012, (b) spring of 2012, (c) summer of 2012, (d) autumn of 2012

Fig.8 The distribution of 850 hPa geopotential height field (contours) and its anomaly (shadows) from 2011 to 2012 (Unit: gpm) (the orange dotted lines with 1520 gpm for the average location of the subtropical high) (a) winter of 2011 to 2012, (b) spring of 2012, (c) summer of 2012, (d) autumn of 2012

图9 2012年西太平洋副热带高压和北美—北大西洋副热带高压指数距平逐月变化 (a)面积指数,(b)强度指数,(c)北界位置指数,(d)西伸脊点指数

Fig.9 The monthly changes of anomalies of the western Pacific subtropical high index and North American-North Atlantic subtropical high index in 2012 (a) area index, (b) intensity index, (c) northern boundary position index, (d) western extension ridge point index

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