复杂地形下京津冀地区夏季降水特征及其数值模拟评估

doi:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639-2025-04-0576

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于三源融合降水产品（China Meteorological Administration Multi-source Merged Precipitation Analysis System，CMPAS）和中尺度数值预报系统（China Meteorological Administration Mesoscale Weather Forecast System，CMA-MESO）预报的逐小时降水数据，分析2021年6—9月京津冀特殊地形下降水的分布特征，进一步评估CMA-MESO的预报性能。结果表明：（1）京津冀地区实况平均小时降水量大值中心主要位于太行山东部和燕山南麓山前迎风坡海拔100~600 m处，CMA-MESO预报的大值区位于山前迎风坡偏向平原一侧；实况小时降水频率大值中心在太行山山前迎风坡偏向山区一侧，降水强度大值中心分布在山前迎风坡和东部平原地区。（2）京津冀山前迎风坡地区实况平均小时降水量随时间呈现双峰型特征，主峰值出现在午后至前半夜，次峰值出现在凌晨；CMA-MESO预报的主峰值时间与实况接近，但平均小时降水量明显偏大。（3）京津冀山前迎风坡地区实况10 mm·h^-1以上降水量占比大值时段在午后至前半夜和凌晨；CMA-MESO预报的午后至傍晚时段10 mm·h^-1以上降水量偏大，凌晨时段降水量偏小。（4）山前迎风坡地区午后至前半夜降水事件以3 h内的短时降水为主，CMA-MESO较好地把握了这一特征，但预报的短历时降水事件偏多。（5）CMA-MESO预报出了山前迎风坡一侧地形对降水的增幅作用，和山地上空的次级环流，但850 hPa以下比湿预报偏小，14：00（北京时）对流有效位能值明显偏小，也是山前迎风坡降水量存在负偏差中心的原因。

关键词: CMA-MESO, 京津冀地区, 降水预报评估, 平均小时降水量, 小时降水频率, 降水强度

Abstract:

Based on the hourly precipitation analysis data of the China Meteorological Administration multi-source merged precipitation analysis system (CMPAS) and the hourly precipitation data predicted by the China Meteorological Administration mesoscale weather forecast system (CMA-MESO)， the distribution characteristics of precipitation in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region under special topographic conditions from June to September 2021 were analyzed, and the prediction performance of CMA-MESO was discussed. The results are as follows: (1) The observational maximum centers of mean hourly precipitation in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region were primarily located in 100-600 m altitude on the windward slopes of the eastern Taihang Mountains and the southern foothills of the Yanshan Mountains, while the maximum centers predicted by the CMA-MESO were located on the side of the windward slope leaning towards the plain in front of the mountains. The observational hourly precipitation frequency and intensity were similar to precipitation amount, but the maximum center of hourly precipitation frequency was located on the windward slopes of the Taihang Mountains, leaning towards the mountainous side, while the maximum center of precipitation intensity was mainly distributed on the windward slopes in front of the mountains and the plain areas of the eastern Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. (2) The observational regional average hourly precipitation amount on the windward slopes in front of mountains of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region exhibited a bimodal diurnal pattern, with the primary peak occurring from afternoon to evening and the secondary peak in the early morning. The primary peak predicted by the CMA-MESO was colse to observations, but the regional average hourly precipitation amount was significantly overestimated. (3) On the windward slopes in front of the mountains, the peak period of precipitation above 10 mm·h^-1 occurred from the afternoon to the early morning and the early hours of the next day. The CMA-MESO forecast indicated that the precipitation above 10 mm·h^-1 in the afternoon to evening period was slightly higher, while the precipitation in the early hours of the next day was slightly lower. (4) Precipitation events on the windward slopes from afternoon to early nighttime were mainly short-term precipitation events within 3 hours. The CMA-MESO taked the characteristic, but the amount of short-term precipitation events predicted by it was relatively high. (5) The CMA-MESO successfully forecasted the topographic enhancement of precipitation on the windward side of the mountains. However, the specific humidity below 850 hPa was underestimated, and the convective available potential energy value at 14:00 (Beijing Time) was significantly underestimated. These biases contributed to the existence of a negative precipitation bias center over the windward slopes.

Key words: CMA-MESO, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, evaluation of precipitation forecasting, average hourly precipitation amount, hourly precipitation frequency, precipitation intensity

中图分类号:

P463.23+1

李靖, 李梓铭, 郝翠, 戴翼, 邢楠. 复杂地形下京津冀地区夏季降水特征及其数值模拟评估[J]. 干旱气象, 2025, 43(4): 576-585.

LI Jing, LI Ziming, HAO Cui, DAI Yi, XING Nan. Summer precipitation characteristics under the influence of complex terrain in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and its numerical simulation evaluation[J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 2025, 43(4): 576-585.

图/表 8

图1 京津冀地区地形高度（单位：m）

Fig.1 Terrain elevation in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region （Unit： m）

图2 2021年6—9月京津冀地区平均小时降水量（a、b、c，单位：mm）、小时降水频率（d、e、f，单位：%）及降水强度（g、h、i，单位：mm·h-1）的实况（a、d、g）、预报（b、e、h）及预报与实况差值（c、f、i）的空间分布（黑色实线为100、600 m地形等高线；线段AB、CD、EF、GH、IJ为小时降水量的负偏差大值中心）

Fig.2 Spatial distributions of observed (a, d, g) and forecasted (b, e, h) average hourly precipitation amount (Unit: mm) (a, b, c) and hourly precipitation frequency (Unit: %) (d, e, f), as well as their difference values between the forecasted and the observations (c, f, i) from June to September 2021 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region (The black solid lines represent the 100 m and 600 m topographic contour lines；The line segments AB, CD, EF, GH and IJ represent the centers of large negative deviations in hourly precipitation)

图3 2021年6—9月京津冀山前迎风坡地区实况与预报的区域平均小时降水量（a）、小时降水频率（b）和降水强度（c）日变化

Fig.3 Diurnal variations of observed and forecasted regional averaged hourly precipitation amount （a）， hourly precipitation frequency （b） and precipitation intensity （c） in the windward slope area in the piedmont region of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from June to September 2021

图4 2021年6—9月京津冀山前迎风坡地区实况（a）和预报（b）的不同强度降水在各时次的占比（单位：%）

Fig.4 The observed （a） and forecasted （b） proportion of precipitation with different intensities at different times in the windward slope area in the piedmont region of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei from June to September 2021 （Unit： %）

图5 2021年6—9月京津冀山前迎风坡地区午后—傍晚时段区域平均的不同持续时间和不同雨强的实况和预报降水事件统计（a） 0.1~<10 mm·h-1，（b）≥10 mm·h-1

Fig.5 The statistics of observed and forecasted regional averaged precipitation events with different intensity and lasting time from afternoon to evening during the period of June to September 2021 in the windward slope area in the piedmont region of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei （a） 0.1~<10 mm·h-1 rainfall events，（b）≥10 mm·h-1 rainfall events

图6 2021年6—9月京津冀地区午后—前半夜时段降水过程平均的14：00 ERA5（a）、CMA-MESO（b）850 hPa风场（风矢，单位：m·s-1）和比湿（填色，单位：g·kg-1）及两者差值（c）分布

Fig.6 The distributions of 850 hPa wind field （wind vectors， Unit： m·s-1） and specific humidity （ the color shaded， Unit： g·kg-1） from ERA5 （a）， CMA-MESO （b） and their differences （c） at 14：00 averaged for rainfall processes during the afternoon-evening period in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from June to September in 2021

图7 2021年6—9月降水过程合成的ERA5（a）、CMA-MESO（b）及两者差值（c）的14：00 比湿（等值线，单位：g·kg-1）、风（风矢，单位：m·s-1）、散度（填色，单位：10-5 s-1）沿图2（c）中线段AB、CD、EF、GH、IJ的剖面（灰色阴影为地形）

Fig.7 Vertical cross-sections of specific humidity (isolines, Unit: g·kg-1), wind (wind vectors, Unit: m·s-1) and divergence (the color shaded, Unit: 10-5 s-1) along the segments AB、CD、EF、GH、IJ in fig. 2 (c) at 14:00 from ERA5 (a)， CMA-MESO (b) and differences between CMA-MESO and ERA5 (c) for synthesis of precipitation processes from June to September 2021 （The grey shading represents the terrain）

图8 2021年6—9月降水过程平均的ERA5（a）、CMA-MESO（b）14：00 CAPE分布及两者差值（c）（单位：J·kg-1）

Fig.8 The distribution of average CAPE of precipitation processes at 14：00 from June to September 2021 from ERA5 （a）， CMA-MESO （b） and the difference between CMA-MESO and ERA5 （c）（Unit： J·kg-1）

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