2019年春季海南岛异常高温成因分析

doi:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639(2021)-06-0911

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

利用海南岛18个国家气象观测站逐日最高气温、NCEP/NCAR逐日及逐月再分析资料和NOAA海温资料,分析2019年春季海南岛异常高温特征及成因。结果表明:(1)2019年春季海南岛全岛平均极端高温日数多、最高气温高、高温覆盖范围广。(2)西太平洋副热带高压(简称“西太副高”)是春季高温的主导系统,2019年春季西太副高面积偏大、强度偏强、位置偏西,海南岛受西太副高主体异常偏强的下沉运动控制。(3)2019年春季东亚中高纬西风急流偏强,南海—菲律宾地区热带对流活动受到抑制,有利于西太副高加强西伸,局地下沉绝热增温加强;配合低层暖平流输送,有助于局地增温,进而促使高温发生发展。(4)2018年秋季至2019年春季,热带中东太平洋形成一次El Niño事件且秋冬季信号最显著,热带印度洋持续偏暖且春季最显著,这种海温分布有利于春季西太副高持续加强西伸,并控制整个海南岛,形成极端高温。

关键词: 海南岛, 异常高温, 西太副高, 海温

Abstract:

Based on the daily maximum temperature from 18 national meteorological stations in the Hainan Island, NCEP/NCAR daily and monthly reanalysis data and NOAA SST data, the characteristics and cause of abnormally high temperature in the Hainan Island in spring 2019 were analyzed. The results are as follows: (1) The extremely high temperature days were more, maximum temperature was higher, and high temperature coverage in the Hainan Island was wider in spring 2019. (2) The west Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) was the dominant circulation system affecting high temperature in spring in the Hainan Island. The area of WPSH was larger, the intensity of WPSH was stronger and its position was to the west in spring 2019. Hainan Island was controlled by the stronger sinking motion of the WPSH main body. (3) In spring 2019, the westerly jet at middle and high latitudes over East Asia was stronger, the tropical convective activities over the south China Sea and the Philippines were inhibited, which were beneficial for strengthening, westward extending of WPSH and enhancing of local subsidence adiabatic warming. Meanwhile, combined with low-level warm advection transport, it was conducive to the local temperature rising, which further led to the development of high temperature. (4) From autumn 2018 to spring 2019, an El Niño event had formed in the tropical middle-east Pacific, and it was more prominent in autumn and winter. The tropical Indian Ocean was being warmer constantly, which was more prominent in spring. The distribution of SST anomaly was beneficial for strengthening and westward extending of WPSH, and then WPSH controlled the whole area of the Hainan Island in spring, forming extremely high temperature.

Key words: the Hainan Island, abnormally high temperature, west Pacific subtropical high, SST

中图分类号:

P466

邢彩盈, 吴胜安, 胡德强, 朱晶晶. 2019年春季海南岛异常高温成因分析[J]. 干旱气象, 2021, 39(06): 911-920.

XING Caiying, WU Shengan, HU Deqiang, ZHU Jingjing. Analysis of cause of abnormally high temperature in Hainan Island in spring 2019[J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 2021, 39(06): 911-920.

图/表 12

表1 高温热浪事件等级判别标准

Tab.1 Classification criteria of grade of high temperature and heatwave events

等级	判别标准
轻度	日最高气温大于等于35 ℃的日数持续3~4 d
中度	日最高气温大于等于35 ℃的日数持续5~7 d
重度	日最高气温大于等于35 ℃的日数持续8 d以上

图1 2019年春季海南岛高温日数(a,单位:d)和极端最高气温(b,单位:℃)空间分布

Fig.1 Spatial distributions of high temperature days (a,Unit:d) and extremely high temperature (b,Unit: ℃) in the Hainan Island in spring 2019

图2 1966—2019年春季海南岛全岛平均高温日数、极端高温日数(a)和最高气温(b)的年际变化

Fig.2 The inter-annual variation of high temperature days, extremely high temperature days (a) and maximum temperature (b) averaged over the Hainan Island in spring from 1966 to 2019

图3 2019年春季各月海南岛全岛平均月高温日数、极端高温日数与气候态的对比

Fig.3 The comparison of monthly high temperature days, extremely high temperature days in spring 2019 and climate state averaged over the Hainan Island

图4 2019年3月1日至5月31日海南岛逐日高温站数、极端高温站数和全岛平均日最高气温变化

Fig.4 The variation of daily high temperature stations, extremely high temperature stations and average maximum temperature in the Hainan Island from March 1 to May 31 in 2019

图5 2019年春季500 hPa位势高度(等值线)及其距平场(阴影)(单位:dagpm) (黑色粗实等值线为2019年586 dagpm和588 dagpm线, 红色粗虚等值线为586 dagpm和588 dagpm气候态)

Fig.5 The 500 hPa geopotential height (isolines) and its anomaly field (the shaded) in spring 2019 (Unit: dagpm) (the black thick solid isolines for 586 dagpm and 588 dagpm in 2019, red thick dashed isolines for climate state of 586 dagpm and 588 dagpm)

图6 2019年3月1日至5月31日500 hPa位势高度(单位:dagpm)15°N—22°N平均的经度-时间剖面(a)和115°E—125°E平均的纬度-时间剖面(b) (实等值线为2019年588 dagpm线,虚等值线为588 dagpm线气候态)

Fig.6 Longitude-time cross-section averaged over 15°N-22°N (a) and latitude-time cross-section averaged over 115°E-125°E (b) of 500 hPa geopotential height (Unit: dagpm) from March 1 to May 31 in 2019 (the solid isolines for 588 dagpm in 2019, the dashed isolines for climate state of 588 dagpm)

图7 2019年春季200 hPa纬向风(等值线)及其距平场(阴影)(单位:m·s-1) (a,粗实等值线为2019年0、30 m·s-1线,粗虚等值线为0、30 m·s-1线的气候态)和200 hPa散度距平场(b,单位:10-6 s-1)

Fig.7 The 200 hPa zonal wind (isolines) and its anomaly field (the shaded) (Unit: m·s-1) (a, thick solid isolines for 0 and 30 m·s-1 in 2019, thick dashed isolines for climate state of 0 and 30 m·s-1) and 200 hPa divergence anomaly field (b, Unit: 10-6 s-1) in spring 2019

图8 2019年春季850 hPa温度(等值线,单位:K)、风(风矢,单位:m·s-1)和温度平流(阴影,单位:105 K·s-1)距平场分布

Fig.8 Distribution of anomaly field of 850 hPa temperature (isolines, Unit: K), wind (wind vectors, Unit: m·s-1) and temperature advection(the shaded, Unit: 105 K·s-1) in spring 2019

图9 2019年春季OLR(等值线)及其距平场(阴影)分布(单位:W·m-2)

Fig.9 Distribution of OLR (isolines) and its anomaly field (the shaded) in spring 2019 (Unit: W·m-2)

图10 2019年(a、c、e)及2000年以来春季异常高温年(b、d、f)前期秋季(a、b)、冬季(c、d)和同期春季(e、f)海温距平场(单位:℃)

Fig.10 The SST anomaly fields in previous autumn (a,b), winter (c,d) and spring (e,f) in 2019 (a,c,e) and in anomalously high temperature years since 2000 (b,d,f) (Unit: ℃)

图11 1981年以来El Niño(a、b)、La Niña(c、d)年次年春季及2019年春季(e、f) 5°S—5°N Walker环流距平场(a、c、e, u分量和ω合成)和100°E—120°E Hadley 环流距平场(b、d、f, v分量和ω合成) (u,v分量单位为m·s-1,ω单位为10-2 Pa·s-1;阴影为垂直速度距平)

Fig.11 The Walker circulation anomaly fields averaged over 5°S-5°N (a,c,e, composition of u component and ω component) and Hadley circulation anomaly fields averaged over 100°E-120°E (b,d,f, composition of v component and ω component) in subsequent spring of El Niño (a,b) and La Niña (c,d) years since 1981 and in spring 2019 (e,f) (Unit of u and v is m·s-1,Unit of ω is 10-2 Pa·s-1; the shaded for vertical velocity anomaly)

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