2014—2020年关中地区近地面臭氧污染特征及气象条件分析

doi:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639(2023)-03-0413

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

关中作为西北地区最重要的城市群落，近年来O₃污染逐渐成为影响当地空气质量的突出问题，探究其变化特征和影响因素对该地区大气环境治理有重要意义。基于2014—2020年关中地区5地市国控环境监测站O₃质量浓度逐小时观测资料和国家气象站地面气象要素逐小时观测资料，对比分析关中地区近地面O₃污染特征及其气象影响因素。结果表明：（1）近7 a来，O₃已逐渐取代PM₁₀成为关中地区仅次于PM_2.5的大气首要污染物，以O₃为首要污染物的天数占比总体呈波动增加态势。（2）关中地区O₃质量浓度呈典型的单峰型月际、日变化，夏季（6—8月）浓度较高，且浓度值自西安、咸阳、渭南、铜川、宝鸡依次减小;07：00—08：00为谷值，15：00—16：00为峰值。（3）当最高气温大于36 ℃、相对湿度为45%~70%、平均风速为2~3 m·s^-1时，关中地区O₃易超标，且最高气温越高，O₃超标率越大;西安、铜川、咸阳、渭南O₃污染的有利风向为东北风（NE），而宝鸡则为东南风（SE）或西北风（NW）。（4）源自河南中西部的偏东路径是影响西安夏季O₃质量浓度最主要的传输路径，除本省相邻城市影响外，河南中西部、山西南部运城及湖北北部也是西安O₃污染主要的潜在贡献源区。

关键词: 臭氧污染, 时空变化, 气象条件, 潜在源, 关中地区

Abstract:

As the most important urban agglomeration in Northwestern China, the ozone pollution in Guanzhong region has gradually become a prominent problem affecting local air quality in recent years. It is of great significance to explore its spatio-temporal variation characteristics and influencing factors for the atmospheric environment management in this region. Based on hourly mass concentration data of ozone from state-controlled environmental monitoring stations and hourly meteorological data from national meteorological stations in five cities of Guanzhong region from 2014 to 2020, the characteristics of near-ground ozone pollution and its meteorological influencing factors were analyzed comparatively. The results are as follows: (1) The ozone had gradually replaced PM₁₀ as the primary air pollutant after PM_2.5 in Guanzhong region in recent 7 years, and the proportion of days with ozone as the primary pollutant had a fluctuant increasing trend in the whole. (2) The monthly distributions of ozone mass concentration in five cities of Guanzhong region appeared a typical single-peak pattern, the ozone mass concentration was higher in summer (from June to August), and the value of concentration in Xi’an, Xianyang, Weinan, Tongchuan and Baoji decreased in order. The diurnal variations of ozone mass concentration also showed a single-peak pattern, with the trough from 07:00 to 08:00 and the peak from 15:00 to 16:00 in five cities of Guanzhong region. (3) When the maximum temperature is higher than 36 ℃, relative humidity is between 45% and 70% and the average wind speed is between 2 and 3 m·s^-1, the ozone is easy to exceed the standard in Guanzhong region, and the higher maximum temperature is, the greater exceeding standard rate of ozone is. The favorable wind direction to ozone pollution in Xi’an, Tongchuan, Xianyang and Weinan is NE, while that in Baoji is SE or NW. (4) The easterly route from the central and western parts of Henan Province is the most important transport route affecting ozone concentration in summer in Xi’an City. Except for neighbour cities of Shaanxi Province, the central and western Henan Province, Yuncheng of Shanxi Province and the northern Hubei Province are also major potential sources of O₃ pollution in Xi’an City.

Key words: ozone pollution, spatio-temporal change, meteorological conditions, potential sources, Guanzhong region

中图分类号:

黄蕾, 王丽, 杜萌萌, 刘慧, 金丽娜. 2014—2020年关中地区近地面臭氧污染特征及气象条件分析[J]. 干旱气象, 2023, 41(3): 413-422.

HUANG Lei, WANG Li, DU Mengmeng, LIU Hui, JIN Lina. Characteristics of near-ground ozone pollution and relationships with meteorological conditions in Guanzhong region from 2014 to 2020[J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 2023, 41(3): 413-422.

图/表 12

图1 关中地形高度（彩色填充区，单位：m）及国控环境监测站、气象观测站分布

Fig.1 The distribution of terrain elevation （color filled areas， Unit： m） and national environmental monitoring sites， national meteorological observation stations in Guanzhong region

图2 2014—2020年关中地区 O3超标站次比及质量浓度时间序列

Fig.2 Time series of station number ratio of ozone exceeding standard and mass concentration of ozone in Guanzhong region from 2014 to 2020

图3 2014—2020年关中地区大气首要污染物发生日数占比

Fig.3 The proportion of occurring days of primary atmospheric pollutants in Guanzhong region from 2014 to 2020

图4 2014—2020年关中地区平均O3质量浓度月际变化

Fig.4 The monthly variation of mean ozone mass concentration in Guanzhong region from 2014 to 2020

图5 2014—2020年关中地区不同季节平均O3质量浓度日变化

Fig.5 The diurnal variation of average ozone mass concentration in different seasons in Guanzhong region from 2014 to 2020

图6 2014—2020年关中5地市O3质量浓度COD值（色标条上的数值）及其占比

Fig.6 The COD values （numbers in color bars） of ozone mass concentration and its proportion in five cities of Guanzhong region from 2014 to 2020

图7 2014—2020年关中地区不同日最高气温（a）、太阳辐射（b）、相对湿度（c）、风速（d）条件下O3超标率与质量浓度均值及标准差

Fig.7 The exceeding standard rate of ozone and average mass concentration of ozone and its standard deviation under different daily maximum temperature （a）， solar radiation （b）， relative humidity （c） and wind speed （d） conditions in Guanzhong region from 2014 to 2020

图8 2014—2020年全年及不同季节关中5地市O3平均质量浓度与气象要素的相关性（虚线为α=0.05的显著性水平线）（a）平均气温，（b）最高气温，（c）日照时数，（d）风速，（e）相对湿度

Fig.8 The correlation between average mass concentration of ozone and meteorological elements in five cities of Guanzhong region in different seasons and the whole year during 2014-2020 （The dashed lines represent the significance level line of α=0.05）（a） average temperature，（b） the maximum temperature，（c） sunshine hours，（d） wind speed，（e） relative humidity

表1 2014—2020年关中5地市夏季气候要素特征统计

Tab.1 The statistics of climatic elements characteristic in five cities of Guanzhong region in summer during 2014-2020

地市	平均气温/℃	累积高温日数/d	平均风速/ （m·s^-1）	平均相对湿度/%	平均降水量/mm	平均日照时数/h
铜川	22.6	28	2.2	69.4	284.8	689.1
渭南	25.1	214	2.0	66.6	265.5	625.1
咸阳	24.5	342	1.9	69.8	270.8	690.6
宝鸡	23.6	306	1.6	71.5	311.5	560.6
西安	26.1	390	1.8	67.9	283.1	606.4

图9 2014—2020年关中5地市O3质量浓度风向玫瑰图（a）西安，（b）铜川，（c）咸阳，（d）宝鸡，（e）渭南

Fig.9 The wind direction rose map of ozone mass concentration in five cities of Guanzhong region during 2014-2020 （a） Xi’an，（b） Tongchuan，（c） Xianyang，（d） Baoji，（e） Weinan

图10 2020年夏季西安气流后向轨迹聚类

Fig.10 Cluster of airflow backward trajectories in Xi’an in summer of 2020

图11 2020年夏季西安O3潜在源分布

Fig.11 Distribution of potential sources of ozone in Xi’an in summer of 2020

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