为探究气候变化对且末县棉花发育期和产量的影响，利用新疆且末县国家基准气候站1961—2021年气温、降水量以及日照时数等资料，结合棉花发育期和产量资料，采用线性倾向法、气候趋势率等方法，对且末县气候变化特征及其对棉花发育期和产量影响进行分析。结果表明：1961—2021年，且末县棉花生长季平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温和5 cm平均地温呈线性上升趋势；降水量以及≥10℃积温和日数呈微弱增加趋势，日照时数呈现减少趋势；7—8月最高温度及高温持续日数呈显著升高趋势。且末县初霜日出推后，终霜日提前，无霜期日数显著增多。棉花出苗期至开花期与生育期内的气温和地面温度呈负相关关系，吐絮期至收获期与气温和地面温度呈正相关关系。且末县棉花伏桃数与平均最低气温和≥10℃积温为呈正相关，棉花产量与气温、日照时数和5 cm地面温度呈正相关关系。气候变化背景下且末县棉花播种至开花期提前，吐絮期和收获期推迟，全生育期延长。且末县棉花生长季热量资源的增加总体有利于棉花产量及品质的提高，但应注意夏季气温过高对棉铃发育的不利影响。

为适应气候变化，促进北疆地区葡萄产业持续稳定的发展，采取平行观测和试验方法，通过试验观测研究气象要素变化对葡萄生长发育期以及花序开放的影响。结果表明，北疆葡萄生长期在4月中下旬—10月中旬，休眠期在10月下旬—4月上中旬。‘红地球’葡萄萌芽至可采成熟≥10℃活动积温、开花期气温与葡萄产量显著相关。葡萄开花期为生长关键期，一般需要持续1~2周，盛花期2~3 d。花序开放日动态表现为明显的双峰曲线，10:00—12:00时开花最多，14:00—16:00时空气干燥、气温超过30℃花序开放减少步入低谷。葡萄花序开放温度在16~30℃之间，最适宜温度为22~26℃。葡萄开花最适合空气相对湿度在50%~80%之间。葡萄盛花期花序开放日变化与净光合速率日变化吻合，相关系数达到极显著水平。温度、湿度、光照是影响葡萄生长及花序开放的3个重要环境要素。试验结果可为研究葡萄生物学特征、预防气象灾害和安全生产提供参考。

基于华北地区90个气象站点1961 -2018年地面0 cm日最低温度和平均气温资料， 采用线性倾向估计、 反距离加权、 Mann-Kendall检验、 累积距平法， 研究了近58年华北地区初、 终霜日和无霜期的变化特征。结果表明： （1）在年际和年代际尺度上， 华北地区初、 终霜日和无霜期均分别呈显著推迟、 提前和延长的趋势， 从20世纪80年代开始， 趋势逐渐明显， 反映出气候的变暖趋势。（2）由北向南随纬度和海拔的降低， 初、 终霜日和无霜期分别呈推迟、 提前和延长的趋势， 平均气温上升速率越大越显著的站点， 其初、 终霜日和无霜期推迟、 提前和延长的速率也较显著； 山区初、 终霜日和无霜期分别比平原早、 晚和短。（3）初、 终霜日和无霜期突变分别发生在1986， 1995和1995年， 各区域初、 终霜日和无霜期均在20世纪80年代和90年代发生突变。（4）初、 终霜日和无霜期的等值线呈北移趋势。（5）初、 终霜日和无霜期在未来分别呈持续推迟、 持续提前和持续延长的趋势， 且三者的变化幅度为无霜期>终霜日>初霜日。

采用1971―2019年新疆哈密国家基准气候站逐日最低气温观测资料，统计分析哈密市初霜冻日（秋季日最低气温≤－1.0 ℃的第一天）、终霜冻日（春季日最低气温≤1.0 ℃的最后一天）的气候特征及变化趋势，以及在棉花苗期和成熟期出现的概率，探讨其对棉花生长的影响。结果表明：这49年哈密市平均终霜冻日为4月16日，终霜冻日出现在棉花播种出苗期（4月10―25日）的概率为57%，出现在棉花苗期（4月25日之后）的概率为18%；2011―2019年终霜冻日出现在棉花播种出苗期的概率下降13百分点，出现在苗期的概率下降7百分点；哈密市终霜冻日变化整体呈明显的提前趋势，提前2.7 d·（10 a）－1，终霜冻日提前对棉花生长有利。这49年哈密市平均初霜冻日为10月18日，初霜冻日出现在棉花成熟期10月上旬的概率为24%，出现在10月中旬的概率为33%，出现在10月下旬的概率为41%；2011―2019年初霜冻日出现在10月上旬的概率变化不大，出现在10月中旬的概率上升23百分点，出现在10月下旬的概率下降19百分点；哈密市初霜冻日变化整体呈缓慢提前趋势，提前0.2 d·（10 a）－1，初霜冻日提前对棉花生长不利。

花期物候变化研究对赏花活动安排、园林景观布置和致敏花粉防治等具有重要意义。现有研究对始花期与盛花期的变化趋势已有较为深刻的认识,但很少有研究辨识了花期长度的时空变化。本文基于“中国物候观测网”观测数据,统计了1963-2012年中国42个站点23种广布木本植物的花期长度变化趋势,分析了花期长度变化的时空格局、种间差异和变化形式。主要结论为：所有的259条花期长度时间序列中,61.39%的序列呈延长趋势,其中显著延长的占21.24%（P

为合理利用气候资源指导农业生产,利用贵州省1961—2018年84个气象站点地面0 cm日最低气温资料,采用线性趋势、M-K突变检验和空间分析等方法,分析了贵州地区初霜冻日、终霜冻日和无霜冻期的变化特征。结果表明:近58 a贵州地区平均初霜冻日、终霜冻日分别为12月2日和2月23日,平均无霜冻期为291 d,分别以2.34 d·(10a)-1、2.95 d·(10a)-1和5.76 d·(10a)-1的速率呈明显推迟、提前和延长的变化趋势;空间上初霜冻日呈现西部早、东部晚,北部早、南部晚的变化特征,69%的站点呈显著推迟的变化趋势;终霜冻日呈现南部早、西北部和东北部晚的变化特征;无霜冻期整体呈延长趋势,82%的站点通过显著性水平检验;海拔高度是影响贵州地区初霜冻日、终霜冻日和无霜冻期的关键因子,无霜冻期随纬度和海拔高度升高呈缩短趋势。初霜冻日推迟、终霜冻日提前和无霜冻期的延长,为贵州农业生产提供了充足的热量资源,利于粮食生产。

Aim: Phenology is a key factor in explaining the distribution and diversity of current vineyards in France. This work has the objective to summarize the different studies developed in France to analyze grapevine phenology.Methods and results: Several topics are presented: a general description of all historical databases and observatory networks developed in France during the last 70 years; an overview of the different models developed to calculate the main phenological stages; an analysis of the main results obtained using these models in the context of studies of climate change impacts on viticulture in France; and finally a general discussion about the main strategies to adapt the phenological cycle to future climate conditions.Conclusion: This review emphasizes that even if phenology is not the only trait to be considered for adapting grapevine to climate change, it plays a major role in the distribution of the current variety x vineyard associations.Significance and impact of the study: It is therefore critical to continue to study phenology in order to better understand its physiological and genetic basis and to define the best strategies to adapt to future climatic conditions.

Climate warming has the potential to influence plant flowering phenology which in turn can have broader ecological consequences. Herbarium collections offer a source of historical plant data that makes possible the ability to document and better understand how warming climate can influence long-term shifts in flowering phenology. We examined the influence of annual, winter, and spring temperatures on the flowering phenology of herbarium specimens for 36 species collected from 1884–2015. We then compared the response to warming between native and non-native, woody and herbaceous, dry and fleshy fruit, and spring vs summer blooming species. Across all species, plants flowered 2.26 days earlier per 1 °C increase in annual average temperatures and 2.93 days earlier per 1 °C increase in spring onset average temperatures. Winter temperatures did not significantly influence flowering phenology. The relationship of temperature and flowering phenology was not significantly different between native and non-native species. Woody species flowered earlier than herbaceous species only in response to increasing annual temperatures. There was no difference in the phenological response between species with dry fruits and those fleshy fruits for any of the temperature periods. Spring blooming species exhibited a significantly greater phenological response to warming yearly average temperatures than summer blooming species. Although herbarium specimens can reveal climate change impacts on phenology, it is also evident that the phenological responses to warming vary greatly among species due to differences in functional traits such as those considered here, as well as other factors.

Spring warming could induce earlier leaf-out or flowering of temperate plant species, and decreased chilling in winter has a delaying effect on spring phenology. However, the relative contribution of the decreased chilling and increased forcing on spring phenological change is unclear. Here, we analyzed the experimental data for 14 temperate woody species in Beijing, China and quantified the forcing requirements (FR) of spring phenology and chilling sensitivity (the ratio of the FR at the low chilling condition to the FR at the high chilling condition) for each species. Furthermore, using species-specific functions between the amount of chilling and FR, we established a phenological model to simulate the annual onset dates of spring events during the past 69 years (1952–2020) and in the future (2021–2099) under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 climate scenarios. We also developed a novel method to quantitatively split the predicted phenological change into the effects caused by changes in forcing and those caused by changes in chilling. The results show that the FR of spring events decreased with the increase in the amount of chilling, and this relationship could be described as an exponential decay function. The basic FR (the FR at the high chilling condition) and chilling sensitivity varied greatly among species. In the 1952–2020 period, the advancing effect of increased forcing was stronger than the effect of chilling, leading to earlier spring events with a mean trend of −1.96 days/decade. In future climate scenarios, the spring phenology of temperate species would continue to advance but will be limited by the decreased chilling. The species with lower chilling sensitivities showed stronger trends than those with high chilling sensitivities. Our results suggested that the delaying effect of declining chilling could only slow down the spring phenological advance to a certain extent in the future.

The potential effects of the forthcoming climate change include the rising of the average annual temperature and the accumulation of extreme weather events, like frequent and severe heatwaves, a phenomenon known as global warming. Temperature is an important environmental factor affecting almost all aspects of growth and development in plants. The grapevine (Vitis spp.) is quite sensitive to extreme temperatures. Over the current century, temperatures are projected to continue rising with negative impacts on viticulture. These consequences range from short-term effects on wine quality to long-term issues such as the suitability of certain varieties and the sustainability of viticulture in traditional wine regions. Many viticultural zones, particularly in Mediterranean climate regions, may not be suitable for growing winegrapes in the near future unless we develop heat-stress-adapted genotypes or identify and exploit stress-tolerant germplasm. Grapevines, like other plants, have developed strategies to maintain homeostasis and cope with high-temperature stress. These mechanisms include physiological adaptations and activation of signaling pathways and gene regulatory networks governing heat stress response and acquisition of thermotolerance. Here, we review the major impacts of global warming on grape phenology and viticulture and focus on the physiological and molecular responses of the grapevine to heat stress.

Temperate climates are defined by distinct temperature seasonality with large and often unpredictable weather during any of the four seasons. To thrive in such climates, trees have to withstand a cold winter and the stochastic occurrence of freeze events during any time of the year. The physiological mechanisms trees adopt to escape, avoid, and tolerate freezing temperatures include a cold acclimation in autumn, a dormancy period during winter (leafless in deciduous trees), and the maintenance of a certain freezing tolerance during dehardening in early spring. The change from one phase to the next is mediated by complex interactions between temperature and photoperiod. This review aims at providing an overview of the interplay between phenology of leaves and species-specific freezing resistance. First, we address the long-term evolutionary responses that enabled temperate trees to tolerate certain low temperature extremes. We provide evidence that short term acclimation of freezing resistance plays a crucial role both in dormant and active buds, including re-acclimation to cold conditions following warm spells. This ability declines to almost zero during leaf emergence. Second, we show that the risk that native temperate trees encounter freeze injuries is low and is confined to spring and underline that this risk might be altered by climate warming depending on species-specific phenological responses to environmental cues.