In the context of climate change, it is of great significance to explore how winter wheat responds to temperature increase in terms of main agronomic traits and dry matter distribution during its growth stage in the tablelands of Guanzhong, Shaanxi, which can provide references for assessing its sensitivity and adaptability under climate change. In this paper, Zhengmai No. 1860 was selected as the research object to analyze the influence of the warming effect simulated by Open Top Chamber (OTC) on the growth and development of winter wheat. The results show that there were significant differences in temperature inside and outside OTC during growth stage (p<0.05) of winter wheat. The average temperature in OTC was 0.8 ℃ higher than that of the outside. In OTC, all the phenological stages of winter wheat came in advance of those in the control group, with an average of 6 days earlier. The plant height inside OTC was higher than that of the outside. OTC promoted leaf area of wheat at the stage of greening and heading, while inhibited leaf area at the stage of flowering and milk ripening.The warming effect promoted root growth, increasing root length by 37.48% and surface area of fine roots by 35.28%, but inhibited root biomass, decreasing it by 7.60%. The warming effect of OTC can promote the dry matter weight of stem, leaf and ear, except the dry matter weight of leaf at milk-ripening stage. In conclusion, OTC can significantly promote the functional traits of winter wheat at the vegetative growth stage, but at the reproductive growth stage, it can not promote the functional traits and even show a certain inhibitory effect.

Based on the daily precipitation data at 18 meteorological stations of Hainan Island from 1969 to 2018, the spatio-temporal change characteristics of precipitation randomness were analyzed by using information entropy method, Mann-Kendall trend test and spatial interpolation technique of inverse distance weight. The results show that the uneveness of monthly apportionment of annual precipitation and precipitation days increased from east to west of Hainan Island. In recent 50 years, the monthly apportionment unevenness of annual precipitation and precipitation days showed an increasing trend in northern and western areas and part areas of southern Hainan Island, while it showed a decreasing trend in the rest areas on the whole. The spatial distribution of randomness of daily precipitation was significantly different in the whole year and four seasons in Hainan Island, and they were significantly and positively correlated with the proportion of rainstorm and above rainfall days. In terms of time, the randomness of daily precipitation in the whole year and four seasons increased in most cities (counties) of Hainan Island from 1969 to 2018, especially the probability of strong precipitation increased in four seasons. The rainstorms to torrential rains in central, northwestern, eastern and eastern Hainan Island should be paid enough attention in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively.

Based on daily conventional observation data at 19 meteorological stations of Hainan Island from 1980 to 2018, the climatic season in Hainan Island was divided according to China’s meteorological industry standard (QX/T152-2012). Then, the comfortable degree of human body was calculated by using sensible temperature of human body based on ‘golden ratio’ method. And on this basis the comprehensive division of human body comfortable degree was done in each season in Hainan Island by using rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF), further the optimum comfortable zones of climatotherapy rehabilitation were obtained in Hainan Island. The results are as follows: (1) The climate was mild and moist in Hainan Island, and the annual average temperature was 22.9 to 25.3 ℃, the average annual precipitation was 1157 to 2615 mm, the annual average relative humidity was 74% to 86%, and the annual average specific humidity was 14.8 to 16.4 g·kg^-1, which was suitable to rehabilitation. (2) Compared with the conventional climate statistical method, the meteorological industry standard was more in accordance with season division in Hainan Island. According to the climate division, the summer was from mid-March to mid-November in Hainan Island, the autumn and spring were from mid-November to next mid-March, which indicated that there wasn’t winter in Hainan Island, and the optimum period of climatotherapy rehabilitation appeared in spring and autumn. (3) The comfortable region of human body in spring and autumn located in northern Hainan, central Hainan and southern Hainan. Overall, the climate in central Hainan was the most optimal, and the climate in three regions was stable from 1980 to 2018.

In order to study physical response of cloud seeding, the precipitation enhancement experiment of stratiform and embedded convective cloud on 8 July 2003 in Jilin Province was analyzed in this paper. The background area and response area of cloud seeding for artificial precipitation enhancement effect were identified, and the seedability of cloud was studied. The differences of cloud microphysical characteristics between background area and response area was analyzed. The results are as follows: (1) The ice crystal number concentration in response area was significantly higher than that in the background area. In response area ice crystal number concentration with a diameter from 37.5 μm to 187.5 μm increased obviously. (2) The number concentration of small cloud particles with a diameter less than or equal to 18.5 μm in response area was lower than that in the background area, but the number concentration of large cloud particles with a diameter from 18.5 μm to 45.5 μm in response area was higher than that in the background area. (3) After cloud seeding, supercooled water content decreased, the radar echo intensity increased, and strong radar echo zone also increased. The physical response of cloud seeding was obvious in this experiment.

Abstract: Based on the cloud product of CERES (clouds and earth’s radiant energy system) Aqua Edition 4A SSF (single scanner footprint) data and hourly precipitation observation data, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of micro- and macro-scopic cloud parameters in Liaoning Province (38.5°N-43.5°N, 118.5°E-126°E) were analyzed. In addition, the correlation between cloud parameters and rainfall intensities was studied and the precipitation identification indexes based on COD (cloud optical depth) and CWP ( cloud water path ) were established. The results show that cloud developed more vigorous in summer, and the average of CF (cloud fraction), COD, CTH (cloud top height) and CWP reached as high as 62.7%, 17.9, 6.5 km and 252.1 g·m-2, respectively, but in winter they were 48.3%, 7.0, 3.4 km and 106.2 g·m-2, respectively. Only ER ( the effective radius ) of cloud particles reached the maximum in winter. Due to the influence of terrain, the generation condition of cloud in the east (east of 122°E ) of Liaoning was better than that in the west (west of 122°E). Except the CTH was higher in the western part of Liaoning Province, all the other cloud parameters were lower than that in the eastern part. The CF, COD, CWP and ER of particles all increased with rainfall intensities, while CTP ( cloud top pressure) and CTT ( cloud top temperature) showed opposite trend, indicating that the stronger the precipitation was, the thicker cloud layer was, the higher water content was and the larger particle size was. COD and CWP were selected as the precipitating cloud identification factors for its higher correlation coefficients with precipitation intensities. Based on the score of TS (threat score) and HSS (Heidke skill score), 35 and 415 g·m-2 for COD and CWP was selected, corresponding to the maximum TS and HSS scores.

Based on the numerical prediction interpretation techniques and forecast experiences，the short － term objective forecast system
of meteorological elements for Northwest China is established． With the aid of meteorological data of real － time observation，the
verification and assessments of objective forecast from the system － output for air temperature and precipitation in winter of 2006 have
been performed． The results show: ( 1) The forecast accuracy of maximum and minimum temperature is much higher than that of precipitation
with the accurate rates of 70% and 34%，respectively． ( 2) The factors affecting the forecast accuracies of temperature and
precipitation are the static stability of atmosphere and relative humidity． ( 3) If the system established on month scale，the forecast accuracy
of temperature is expected to have a 10% improvement．