Typhoon “Ambi” was the first tropical cyclone to enter Inner Mongolia, causing rare catastrophic heavy rainstorm in the central and eastern parts of the region. This paper analyzes the transformation mechanism of “Ambi” during its northward movement and its impact on the heavy rainfall weather in Inner Mongolia using simulation results from the mesoscale numerical forecasting model (Weather Research Forecast, WRF), reanalysis data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR), typhoon path data, and routine observational data. The results indicate that the large-scale atmospheric circulation background of the heavy rainstorm was the interaction between the typhoon and the mid-to-high latitude westerly trough, where the cold air provided by the westerly trough met with the warm and moist airflow of the typhoon, triggering this heavy rainfall event. During the process of the westerly trough merging with the typhoon, cold air intruded from west to east and moved downward, generating a strong cold advection that lifted the warm and moist air, disrupted the barotropic warm core structure of the typhoon, and formed an asymmetric temperature structure of “warm in the east and cold in the west”, transforming the typhoon into an extratropical cyclone. The main precipitation area was located in the overlapping zone of positive MPV1 and negative MPV2 values, where the accumulation of convective instability and baroclinic instability energy promoted the development of intense precipitation. In the region where cold and warm air intersected, strong frontogenesis occurred, forming a distinct frontal zone, which provided the dynamical conditions for heavy rainstorm. Near the frontal band, a noticeable secondary circulation developed, with ascending airflow at the front and descending airflow at the rear, with the area of strongest precipitation corresponding to the region of strongest ascending airflow.

Based on the monthly maximum frozen soil depth at 68 meteorological stations in Shanxi Province during 1960-2018, the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the annual maximum frozen soil depth in Shanxi were studied by using EOF and wavelet analysis methods. The results are as follows: (1) The average annual maximum frozen soil depth at 68 stations in Shanxi during 1960-2018 was 71 cm, the extremely maximum value was 192 cm, and the extremely minimum value was 7 cm. In the past 59 years, the average annual maximum frozen soil depth at 68 stations in Shanxi showed a significantly decreasing trend with a climate tendency rate of -1.394 cm per decade, and it mutated in 1986. (2) The quasi-4-year period of average annual maximum frozen soil depth at 68 stations in Shanxi was detected. (3) The annual maximum frozen soil depth showed a spatial distribution characteristics with shallow in southern and deep in northern Shanxi, shallow in eastern and deep in western Shanxi. (4) The accumulated variance contribution rate of the first two modes of the annual maximum frozen soil depth in Shanxi reached 58.4%. The spatial pattern of the first mode was consistent in the whole province, while that of the second mode was reverse in southern and northern Shanxi.

Based on meteorological index of sprouting stage, squaring stage, flowering stage of peony and daily meteorological data from 2001 to 2018 in Heze, three climatic suitability degrees of temperature, precipitation and sunshine were established at daily time scale by using the fuzzy mathematics method, and a comprehensive climate suitability model was established with the geometric average method. The results are as follows: (1) The climate suitability of peony changed with developmental period，the highest climate suitability was at flowering stage, and the lowest was at sprouting stage, the values were all around 0.5. (2) The mean value of climate suitability including temperature, precipitation and sunshine was 0.78, 0.24, 0.85, respectively, both temperature and sunshine could meet the need of peony growth, precipitation was a key meteorological factor affecting the climate suitability of peony. (3) Impacted by climate change, there were obvious inter-annual variations of peony climate suitability, with rising trend of temperature, precipitation and comprehensive climate suitability, while sunshine suitability presented decline trend. Overall, there was no significant negative effect of climate change on the main growth period of peony.

Based on the sea surface temperature from NOAA, reanalysis data from NCEP/NCAR and monthly precipitation in Shandong from 1961 to 2016, the anomalous characteristics of monthly precipitation in Shandong Province and circulation in the following summer of El Niño events with different patterns were compared. The results show that the effects of El Niño events with different patterns on monthly precipitation in the following summer in Shandong were obviously different, but the intensity of rainfall anomaly in the following June of El Niño events with three types was weaker than that in the following July and August, and the distribution of extreme values was intensive. The precipitation in the following summer of Niño3 pattern in Shandong was less than that in normal years, and the precipitation was less in June and August, while that was more in July. When El Niño events occurred in the central Pacific (Niño4 area), the precipitation in the following summer was more in most areas of Shandong, and the precipitation was significantly more in June, while it was more in the middle and less in the east and the west in July, and it was more in the southeast and less in the northwest in August. When the distribution of El Nio events appeared Niño 3.4 pattern, the precipitation in the following summer was more in the north and less in the south of Shandong. The precipitation was less in June and more in July in most areas of Shandong, and it was less in the southeast and more in the northwest in August. The anomalous distribution of 500 hPa circulation, water vapor transport and convergence directly determined the characteristics of precipitation anomaly in Shandong in the following summer of El Niño events with different patterns, and the influence of sea surface temperature on circulation anomalies was significant.

:Respiratory diseases greatly affected children’s health, and its occurrence was related to meteorological conditions closely. In order to analyze the effects of meteorological conditions on children’s lower respiratory diseases in Qinhuangdao, predict the number of patients and provide new method for medical meteorological service, the data of children with lower respiratory diseases from 2015 to 2016 and the meteorological data within the same time were used, prediction models were established by stepwise regression analysis and BP artificial neutral network separately, and the prediction effects were evaluated. The results show that the meteorological conditions, especially the staged weather changes and climate anomalies, had a significant effect on the patients’ number with these diseases. The number of patients was negatively correlated with air temperature and average relative humidity, and positively correlated with air pressure, wind speed and temperature fluctuation in 72 hours, and good correlation was showed between patient number and air temperature, followed by air pressure and average relative humidity. The prediction accuracy of the stepwise regression model and BP artificial neural network model was 72.75% and 76.30%, respectively. Between the two models established, the overall performance of BP artificial neural network model was better.

A stratiform cloud wasmeasured with a ParticleMeasurement System ( PMS) p roduced byDrop letMeasurement Technologies (DMT) and mounted on a Y - 12 aircraft in sp ring of 2008, Beijing. It was found that the average concentration of cloud particles measured by CAS (Cloud and Aerosol Spectrometer) was bigger than those valuesmeasured by FSSP in other areas of north China. It was also found that the average concentrations of ice particlesmeasured by CIP (Cloud Imaging Probe) , 2D - C and 2D - GA2 were all similar. A positive correlation was found between snow and ice crystals’concentrations. A negative correlation was found between the concentration of ice crystal and the ratio of snow and ice crystal concentrationswhen the concentration of ice crystalswas less than 104 m- 3 , butwhen more than 104 m- 3 , the ratio of snow and ice crystal concentration is a constant. Many ice crystals were found in the cloud field where the temperature ranged from - 10 to - 12 ℃, and there wasmore supercooled water in the field. The p recip itation particleswere p ropagated in the cloud filed where the temperature ranged from - 7 to - 10 ℃. Precip itation particles evaporated and became smaller in the cloud filed where the temperature ranged from - 5 to - 7 ℃. L ittle p recip itation particleswas found in the cloud field where the temperature ranged from - 4 to - 5 ℃.