Using the measured data of the Taklimakan Desert Atmospheric Environment Comprehensive Observation and Experiment Station (Tazhong Station) for 30 minutes in 2014, this paper systematically analyzed the characteristics of surface radiation balance, energy balance and microclimate in hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert . The results show that the components of radiation and energy balance in Tazhong area were larger in spring and summer, and smaller in autumn and winter, they had obvious diurnal variation characteristics. The peak value of them appeared at about 12:00 (local time, the same as bellow). The net radiation, sensible heat flux and soil heat flux began rising at 08:00 and reached the peak at around 14:00, and then decreased. The latent heat flux changed little. Sensible heat flux was the main form of energy consumption and it accounted for 44.6%, 68.1%, 55.2% and 55.3% of net radiation flux in spring, summer, autumn and winter. It was followed by soil heat flux and there was only a small amount of energy for the phase transition of water. Clouds and dust had a significant weakening effect on the energy balance. The air temperature near surface layer increased with altitude in the daytime, but it decreased with altitude during nighttime, and the relative humidity changed in the opposite direction. The horizontal wind speed near surface layer increased with height, and northeast winds prevailed mainly.