In order to effectively develop the cloud water resources in the Liupan Mountain area and improve the scientificity of artificial precipitation enhancement, it is necessary to grasp the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of atmospheric water vapor in the region and its causes. In this paper, the precipitation observation data of national basic meteorological stations in the Liupan Mountain area from 1989 to 2018 and the Fifth Generation Atmospheric Reanalysis Data (ERA5) of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) during the same period are used to analyze the spatial and temporal changes of atmospheric water vapor elements such as precipitable water, specific humidity, relative humidity and water vapor flux in this area. The reasons for the difference of water vapor conditions and precipitation in different areas of the Liupan Mountain area are analyzed from the aspects of water vapor transport, terrain effect and influence of buoyancy frequency. The results show that the water vapor conditions over the top and the east slope of the Liupan Mountain are better than those over the west slope in most of the year. The large value areas are mainly concentrated near the main peak of the Liupan Mountain, and water vapor condition has obvious seasonal variation characteristics. Over the eastern slope of the Liupan Mountain, the dynamic field of 500 hPa divergence and 700 hPa convergence caused by the uplift of the terrain is the most obvious in summer and the weakest in winter. The buoyancy frequency is the highest in winter and the lowest in summer. The higher buoyancy frequency and steeper terrain on the eastern slope make the gravity wave effect more obvious, resulting in more favorable vertical upward diffusion conditions and greater precipitation potential.