干旱气象 ›› 2026, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (3): 437-450.DOI: 10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639-2026-03-0437
井宇1,2(
), 陈闯2,3, 赵强1,2, 李明1,2, 何娟1,2
收稿日期:2026-03-11
修回日期:2026-05-11
出版日期:2026-06-30
发布日期:2026-07-16
作者简介:井宇(1985—),女,高级工程师,主要从事短临天气预报技术研究。E-mail: jingyu.1128@163.com。
基金资助:
JING Yu1,2(
), CHEN Chuang2,3, ZHAO Qiang1,2, LI Ming1,2, HE Juan1,2
Received:2026-03-11
Revised:2026-05-11
Online:2026-06-30
Published:2026-07-16
摘要:
为深入认识秦岭及周边地区夏季极端降水的环流特征和形成机制,本文基于2008—2025年地面气象站降水数据和欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA5再分析资料,应用谱聚类方法,将秦岭北部和南部(以34°N为界划分)的区域小时极端降水(Regional Hourly Extreme Precipitation,RHEP)分别归纳为3类和4类典型环流型,探讨夏季RHEP的主要环流特征及水汽、热力和动力条件。结果表明:1)各类环流型200 hPa均受南亚高压边缘附近辐散场影响,500 hPa及以下多表现为西太平洋副高控制下的暖湿气流输送与短波槽、切变线等共同作用;副高外围气流向秦岭及周边输送充沛水汽,并在极端降水区形成明显辐合;不同环流配置及其与复杂地形的抬升辐合效应共同强化垂直运动,是导致RHEP高发区空间分布不同的重要原因。2)各类环流型对流层低层副高外围表现为西南、偏南或东南风异常,部分类型伴随青藏高原东北侧偏北风异常,有利于冷暖气流交汇,从而促进RHEP发生。3)水汽诊断分析表明,阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾、南海、西太平洋以及东海等多源水汽在华南及华东汇合后向秦岭及周边地区输送;秦岭北部和南部区域各环流型以对流层中低层南边界水汽输入为主,部分类型还受东边界水汽输入影响。4)各类环流型RHEP频次最大值均位于特殊地形附近,普遍具有较低对流抑制能量(Convective Inhibition,CIN)和较大的K指数,表明大气不稳定明显,较弱的抬升机制即可触发对流发展。
中图分类号:
井宇, 陈闯, 赵强, 李明, 何娟. 秦岭及周边地区夏季极端降水环流特征及成因分析[J]. 干旱气象, 2026, 44(3): 437-450.
JING Yu, CHEN Chuang, ZHAO Qiang, LI Ming, HE Juan. Circulation characteristics and causal analysis of extreme summer precipitation over the Qinling Mountains and surrounding regions[J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 2026, 44(3): 437-450.
图2 基于谱聚类算法分析秦岭北部(a、c)与南部(b、d)风场(a、b)和温度场(c、d)不同聚类数量的CH评分
Fig. 2 The analysis of CH scores of different cluster numbers of wind fields (a, b) and temperature fields (c, d) in the study areas north (a, c) and south (b, d) of the Qinling Mountains based on the Spectral Clustering algorithm
图3 2008—2025年6—8月秦岭北部和南部区域RHEP的不同环流类型发生频率
Fig.3 Frequency of different RHEP circulation patterns in the study areas north and south of the Qinling Mountains during June-August, 2008-2025
图4 秦岭北部3类RHEP环流型200 hPa位势高度场(等值线,单位:dagpm)、散度场(填色,单位:10-6 s-1)和风场(风矢,单位:m·s-1)(a、b、c),500 hPa位势高度场(黑色等值线,单位:dagpm)、温度场(红色等值线,单位:℃)、风场(风矢,单位:m·s-1)和RHEP发生频次空间分布(彩色圆点,单位:次)(d、e、f),700 hPa位势高度场(等值线,单位:dagpm)、近地面至500 hPa垂直积分水汽通量散度(填色,单位:10-5 kg·m-2·s-1)和风场(风矢,单位:m·s-1)(g、h、i),850 hPa位势高度场(等值线,单位:dagpm)、近地面至500 hPa垂直积分水汽通量(填色,单位:kg·m-1·s-1)和风场(风矢,单位:m·s-1)(j、k、l) (★为RHEP发生频次最大值位置,灰色阴影为地形,黑色框为秦岭北部边界)
Fig.4 Synoptic patterns of three RHEP circulation types in the study area north of the Qinling Mountains: 200 hPa geopotential height field (contours, Unit: dagpm), divergence field (the color shaded, Unit: 10-6 s-1) and wind field (vectors, Unit: m·s-1) (a、b、c); 500 hPa geopotential height field (black contours, Unit: dagpm), temperature field (red isolines, Unit: ℃), and wind field (vectors, Unit: m·s-1), along with spatial distribution of the RHEP occurrence frequency (colour dots, Unit: times) (d、e、f); 700 hPa geopotential height field (contours, Unit: dagpm), vertically integrated water vapor flux divergence from the near-surface to 500 hPa (the color shaded, Unit: 10-5 kg·m-2·s-1), and wind field (vectors, Unit: m·s-1) (g、h、i); 850 hPa geopotential height field (contours, Unit: dagpm), vertically integrated water vapor flux from the near-surface to 500 hPa (the color shaded, Unit: kg·m-1·s-1), and wind field (vectors, Unit: m·s-1) (j、k、l) (★ denotes the location with the highest frequency of RHEP occurrence, the gray shaded denotes topography, the black frame denotes the boundary of the study area north of the Qinling Mountains)
图5 秦岭南部4类RHEP环流型200 hPa位势高度场(等值线,单位:dagpm)、散度(填色,单位:10-6 s-1)和风场(风矢,单位:m·s-1)(a、b、c、d),500 hPa位势高度场(黑色等值线,单位:dagpm)、温度场(红色等值线,单位:℃)、风场(风矢,单位:m·s-1)和RHEP发生频次空间分布(彩色圆点,单位:次)(e、f、g、h),700 hPa位势高度场(等值线,单位:dagpm)、近地面至500 hPa垂直积分水汽通量散度(填色,单位:10-5 kg·m-2·s-1)和风场(风矢,单位:m·s-1)(i、j、k、l),850 hPa位势高度场(等值线,单位:dagpm)、近地面至500 hPa垂直积分水汽通量(填色,单位:kg·m-1·s-1)和风场(风矢,单位:m·s-1)(m、n、o、p) (★为RHEP发生频次最大值位置,灰色阴影为地形,黑色框为秦岭南部边界)
Fig.5 Synoptic patterns of four RHEP circulation types in the study area south of the Qinling Mountains: 200 hPa geopotential height field (contours, Unit: dagpm), divergence field (the color shaded, Unit: 10-6 s-1) and wind field (vectors, Unit: m·s-1) (a、b、c、d); 500 hPa geopotential height field (black contours, Unit: dagpm), temperature field (red isolines, Unit: ℃), and wind field (vectors, Unit: m·s-1), along with spatial distribution of the RHEP frequency (colour dots, Unit: times) (e、f、g、h); 700 hPa geopotential height field (contours, Unit: dagpm), vertically integrated water vapor flux divergence from the near-surface to 500 hPa (the color shaded, Unit: 10-5 kg·m-2·s-1), and wind field (vectors, Unit: m·s-1) (i、j、k、l); 850 hPa geopotential height field (contours, Unit: dagpm), vertically integrated water vapor flux from the near-surface to 500 hPa (the color shaded, Unit: kg·m-1·s-1), and wind field (vectors, Unit: m·s-1) (m、n、o、p) (★ denotes the location with the highest frequency of RHEP occurrence, the gray shaded denotes topography, the black frame denotes the boundary of the study area south of the Qinling Mountains)
图6 秦岭北部N1(a)、N3(b)RHEP环流型和秦岭南部S1(c)、S4(d)RHEP环流型700 hPa位势高度(等值线,单位:dagpm)、位势高度距平(填色,单位:dagpm)和风场距平(箭矢,单位:m·s-1) (打点区表示通过置信水平为95%的显著性检验,黑色和红色方框分别表示秦岭北部和南部边界)
Fig.6 The 700 hPa geopotential height (contours, Unit: dagpm), geopotential height anomalies (the color shaded, Unit: dagpm), and wind field anomalies (vectors, Unit: m·s-1) of the N1 (a) and N3 (b) RHEP circulation patterns in the study area north of the Qinling Mountains as well as the S1 (c) and S4 (d) RHEP circulation patterns in the study area south of the Qinling Mountains (The dotted areas passed the significance test at the 95% confidence level, the black and red frames denote the boundaries of the study areas north and south of the Qinling Mountains, respectively)
图7 秦岭北部N1(a)、N3(b)RHEP环流型和秦岭南部S1(c)、S4(d)RHEP环流型近地面至300 hPa垂直积分平均水汽通量(矢量,单位:kg·m-1·s-1) (黑色和红色方框分别表示秦岭北部和南部边界)
Fig.7 Vertically integrated mean water vapor flux from near the surface to 300 hPa (vectors, Unit: kg·m-1·s-1) of the N1 (a) and N3 (b) RHEP circulation patterns in the study area north of the Qinling Mountains as well as the S1 (c) and S4 (d) RHEP circulation patterns in the study area south of the Qinling Mountains (The black and red frames denote the boundaries of the study areas north and south of the Qinling Mountains, respectively)
| 环流型 | 东边界 | 南边界 | 西边界 | 北边界 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 低层 | 中层 | 高层 | 低层 | 中层 | 高层 | 低层 | 中层 | 高层 | 低层 | 中层 | 高层 | |
| N1 | 1.52 | 20.72 | 11.83 | -50.28 | -24.05 | -3.96 | -1.27 | -8.54 | -8.74 | 1.35 | -2.52 | 4.72 |
| N2 | 15.10 | 28.65 | 13.27 | -79.15 | -34.14 | -0.80 | -0.84 | -5.10 | -12.62 | -6.89 | -4.60 | 2.20 |
| N3 | -73.05 | -15.97 | 1.54 | -35.22 | -16.29 | -2.68 | 4.70 | 3.97 | -0.24 | 52.07 | 13.24 | 0.97 |
| S1 | 46.35 | 25.62 | 6.09 | -111.89 | -39.13 | 0.07 | 0 | 0.97 | -4.21 | -8.33 | -5.07 | -0.16 |
| S2 | 24.59 | 27.71 | 11.23 | -93.72 | -38.77 | -0.74 | 0 | -0.04 | -7.86 | -11.16 | -10.34 | 1.25 |
| S3 | 10.17 | 18.98 | 5.73 | -120.75 | -46.59 | 0.34 | 0 | -2.39 | -4.11 | 26.23 | 13.43 | 0.06 |
| S4 | 8.60 | 1.40 | -0.59 | -146.4 | -59.12 | -2.55 | 0 | -1.64 | -4.99 | 64.02 | 49.86 | 13.26 |
表1 秦岭北部和南部边界不同RHEP环流型水汽收支情况
Tab.1 Water vapor budgets of different RHEP circulation patterns at the boundaries of the study areas north and south of the Qinling Mountains
| 环流型 | 东边界 | 南边界 | 西边界 | 北边界 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 低层 | 中层 | 高层 | 低层 | 中层 | 高层 | 低层 | 中层 | 高层 | 低层 | 中层 | 高层 | |
| N1 | 1.52 | 20.72 | 11.83 | -50.28 | -24.05 | -3.96 | -1.27 | -8.54 | -8.74 | 1.35 | -2.52 | 4.72 |
| N2 | 15.10 | 28.65 | 13.27 | -79.15 | -34.14 | -0.80 | -0.84 | -5.10 | -12.62 | -6.89 | -4.60 | 2.20 |
| N3 | -73.05 | -15.97 | 1.54 | -35.22 | -16.29 | -2.68 | 4.70 | 3.97 | -0.24 | 52.07 | 13.24 | 0.97 |
| S1 | 46.35 | 25.62 | 6.09 | -111.89 | -39.13 | 0.07 | 0 | 0.97 | -4.21 | -8.33 | -5.07 | -0.16 |
| S2 | 24.59 | 27.71 | 11.23 | -93.72 | -38.77 | -0.74 | 0 | -0.04 | -7.86 | -11.16 | -10.34 | 1.25 |
| S3 | 10.17 | 18.98 | 5.73 | -120.75 | -46.59 | 0.34 | 0 | -2.39 | -4.11 | 26.23 | 13.43 | 0.06 |
| S4 | 8.60 | 1.40 | -0.59 | -146.4 | -59.12 | -2.55 | 0 | -1.64 | -4.99 | 64.02 | 49.86 | 13.26 |
图8 秦岭北部3类RHEP环流型风场(风矢,单位:m·s-1)、温度平流(填色,单位:10-5 ℃·s-1)和垂直速度(绿色虚线,单位:Pa·s-1)沿RHEP发生频次最大值位置的经度-高度剖面(a、b、c),经向风-垂直速度合成(垂直速度扩大了100倍,矢量,单位:m·s-1)、散度(填色,单位:10-5 s-1)与相对湿度(绿色等值线,单位:%)沿RHEP发生频次最大值位置的纬度-高度剖面(d、e、f) (★为各类环流型RHEP发生频次最大值位置,灰色阴影为地形)
Fig.8 Longitude-height cross-sections (a, b, c) of the wind field (vectors, Unit: m·s-1), temperature advection (the color shaded, Unit: 10-5 ℃·s-1), and vertical velocity (green dashed lines, Unit: Pa·s-1), and latitude-height cross-sections (d, e, f) of the synthesis of meridional wind-vertical velocity (the vertical velocity is magnified by 100 times, vectors, Unit: m·s-1), divergence (the color shaded, Unit: 10-5 s-1), and relative humidity (green isolines, Unit: %) along the location of the maximum RHEP occurrence frequency of the three RHEP circulation types over the study area north of the Qinling Mountains (★ indicates the location of the maximum RHEP occurrence frequency for each circulation pattern, the gray shaded represents terrain)
图9 秦岭北部3类RHEP环流型RHEP发生频次最大值位置的地形强迫垂直速度沿经度(a)和纬度(b)的变化
Fig. 9 The variation of terrain-forced vertical velocity along longitude (a) and latitude (b) at the locations with maximum RHEP occurrence frequency of the three RHEP circulation patterns over the study area north of the Qinling Mountains
图10 秦岭南部4类RHEP环流型风场(风矢,单位:m·s-1)、温度平流(填色,单位:10-5 ℃·s-1)和垂直速度(绿色虚线,单位:Pa·s-1)沿RHEP发生频次最大值位置的经度-高度剖面(a、b、c、d),经向风-垂直速度合成(垂直速度扩大了100倍,矢量,单位:m·s-1)、散度(填色,单位:10-5 s-1)与相对湿度(绿色等值线,单位:%)沿RHEP发生频次最大值位置的纬度-高度剖面(e、f、g、h) (★为各类环流型RHEP发生频次最大值位置,灰色阴影为地形)
Fig.10 Longitude-height cross-sections (a, b, c, d) of the wind field (vectors, Unit: m·s-1), temperature advection (the color shaded, Unit: 10-5 ℃·s-1), and vertical velocity (green dashed lines, Unit: Pa·s-1), and latitude-height cross-sections (e, f, g, h) of the synthesis of meridional wind-vertical velocity (the vertical velocity is magnified by 100 times, vectors, Unit: m·s-1), divergence (the color shaded, Unit: 10-5 s-1), and relative humidity (green isolines, Unit: %) along the location of the maximum RHEP occurrence frequency of the four RHEP circulation types over the study area south of the Qinling Mountains (★ indicates the location of the maximum RHEP occurrence frequency for each circulation pattern, the gray shaded represents terrain)
图11 秦岭南部4类RHEP环流型RHEP发生频次最大值位置的地形强迫垂直速度沿经度(a)和纬度(b)的变化
Fig. 11 The variation of terrain-forced vertical velocity along longitude (a) and latitude (b) at the locations with maximum RHEP occurrence frequency of the four RHEP circulation patterns over the study area south of the Qinling Mountains
图12 秦岭北部N1(a)、N3(b)和秦岭南部S2(c)、S4(d)RHEP环流型合成T-ln P图 (红色曲线为环境温度,绿色曲线为环境露点温度,黑色曲线为气块温度,黑色圆点为抬升凝结高度)
Fig.12 Composite T-ln P diagram of RHEP circulation patterns N1 (a) and N3 (b) over the study area north of the Qinling Mountains, as well as S2 (c) and S4 (d) over the study area south of the Qinling Mountains (The red curve is environmental temperature, the green curve is environmental dew point temperature, the black curve is parcel temperature, the black dot is lifting condensation level)
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