Spatial-temporal characteristic analysis of short-term heavy rainfall in Shaanxi based on density station observations

doi:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639-2025-06-0910

Abstract

Abstract:

Based on hourly precipitation data from high-density regional automatic stations and national stations in Shaanxi Province during 2009-2023, the spatiotemporal characteristics of short-term heavy rainfall (hourly precipitation greater than or equal to 20.0 mm) in different regions of Shaanxi were comparatively analyzed to provide a scientific basis for refined forecasting and early warning of short-term heavy rainfall. The results show that: (1) The frequency and precipitation extremes of short-term heavy rainfall in Shaanxi generally increase from north to south, with the highest values occurring in southern Shaanxi, where the maximum hourly precipitation reaches 108.7 mm. (2) The normalized frequency of short-term heavy rainfall exhibits a significant increasing trend in the Guanzhong region; short-term heavy rainfall in all regions is mainly concentrated from June to August, with a peak in late July. From April to June and in September, short-term heavy rainfall in southern Shaanxi is significantly more frequent than that in Guanzhong and northern Shaanxi. Precipitation extremes in all three regions show increasing trends, and the occurrence time of peak extremes is progressively delayed from south to north. Precipitation intensity increases in Guanzhong and southern Shaanxi, with the maximum intensity in all regions occurring in early August. The variation characteristics of the normalized frequency of extreme short-term heavy rainfall are generally consistent with those of short-term heavy rainfall. (3) The diurnal variation of the normalized frequency of short-term heavy rainfall in all regions reaches its maximum at 19:00. Northern Shaanxi exhibits a bimodal pattern, with a primary peak during 14:00-23:00 and a secondary peak during 03:00-05:00. Guanzhong shows a unimodal pattern, with a high-frequency period from 16:00 to 01:00 of the following day. Southern Shaanxi displays pronounced nocturnal rainfall characteristics, with a high-frequency period from 16:00 to 04:00 of the following day, and short-term heavy rainfall during the late night mainly occurring in the central and western parts of the region. Compared with short-term heavy rainfall, the peak period of extreme short-term heavy rainfall is delayed by approximately 1 hour in Guanzhong and advanced by approximately 1 hour in southern Shaanxi.

Key words: Shaanxi, short-term heavy rainfall, spatial-temporal characteristic

摘要：

基于2009—2023年陕西省加密区域自动站和国家站逐小时降水资料，对陕西不同地区短时强降水（小时降水量≥20.0 mm）的时空特征进行对比分析，以期为短时强降水精细化预报预警提供科学依据。结果表明：（1）陕西短时强降水频次与极值自北向南递增，陕南最大，最大小时降水量达108.7 mm。（2）短时强降水标准化频次在关中地区呈显著增加趋势；各地区短时强降水集中于6－8月，7月下旬最多。4—6月及9月陕南短时强降水明显多于关中和陕北。短时强降水极值各地区均呈增加趋势，峰值出现时间由南向北推迟；降水强度在关中和陕南呈增加趋势，各地区最大降水强度均出现在8月上旬。极端短时强降水标准化频次的变化特征与短时强降水基本一致。（3）各地区短时强降水标准化频次的日变化均在19：00达到最大值，陕北呈双峰型分布，主峰出现在14：00—23：00，次峰在03：00—05：00；关中呈单峰型分布，高发时段为16：00—次日01：00；陕南表现出明显的夜雨特征，16：00—次日04：00为高发时段，且后半夜短时强降水主要发生在中西部地区。与短时强降水相比，极端短时强降水高发时段在关中滞后约1 h，陕南提前约1 h。

关键词: 陕西, 短时强降水, 时空特征

CLC Number:

P426

LIU Juju, CHEN Xiaoting, PENG Li, HUANG Shaoni, PAN Liujie. Spatial-temporal characteristic analysis of short-term heavy rainfall in Shaanxi based on density station observations[J]. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 2025, 43(6): 910-919.

刘菊菊, 陈小婷, 彭力, 黄少妮, 潘留杰. 基于加密站点的陕西短时强降水时空特征分析[J]. 干旱气象, 2025, 43(6): 910-919.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig.1 Topographic elevation of Shaanxi Province （Unit： m； black lines represent the boundaries of different regions， with northern Shaanxi， Guanzhong， and southern Shaanxi from north to south） and distribution of the density observation stations （the triangles）

Fig.2 Distribution of frequency (a, Unit: times), extreme value (b, Unit: mm) and intensity (c, Unit: mm·h-1) of short-term heavy rainfall and extreme short-term heavy rainfall frequency (d, Unit: times) in Shaanxi from 2009 to 2023

Fig.3 Box plot of frequency (a), extreme value (b) and intensity (c) of short-term heavy rainfall in different regions of Shaanxi from 2009 to 2023 (The symbol + represents an outlier)

Fig.4 Annual variation of normalized frequency (a), extreme value (b), intensity (c) of short-term heavy rainfall and normalized frequency of extreme short-term heavy rainfall (d) in different regions of Shaanxi from 2009 to 2023 (The dotted line is the trend line)

Fig.5 Monthly variation of normalized frequency (a), extreme value (b), intensity (c) of short-term heavy rainfall and normalized frequency of extreme short-term heavy rainfall (d) in different regions of Shaanxi from April to October during 2009-2023

Fig.6 Diurnal variation of normalized frequency (a), extreme value (b), intensity (c) of short-term heavy rainfall and normalized frequency of extreme short-term heavy rainfall (d) in different regions of Shaanxi from 2009 to 2023

Fig.7 Spatial distribution of daily variation peak time of short-term heavy rainfall frequency (a) and extreme value (b) in Shaanxi from 2009 to 2023

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